“…Both models indicate that surface roughness will make a hydrophilic surface more hydrophilic, and a hydrophobic surface more hydrophobic, which means the roughness effect is able to greatly enhance the responsive range of such a smart surface. For instance, gold microstructures have been successfully used to increase the responsive range of a smart surface [30][31][32]. Recently, other approaches to fabrication of rough surfaces have been also developed, such as electrospinning or electrospraying of PS [33], phase-separation micromolding of Hyflon [34], i-PP crystallized network structure [35], plasma depositing/etching polymer [36,37], chemical etching [38], artificial lotus leaf replicas [39], and wet chemical depositions [40,41].…”