Surface morphology and chemistry of commercial carbon black and carbon black from vacuum pyrolysis of used tyres

Sahouli, Bendida; Blacher, Silvia; Brouers, F.; Darmstadt, Hans; Roy, Christian; Kaliaguine, Serge

doi:10.1016/0016-2361(96)00034-8

Cited by 66 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The pyrolytic carbon deposits on the original carbon black deactivating the carbon black activated sites making the carbon less effective in relation to the original carbon black added to the tyre. In addition, Darmstadt et al (1995) and Sahouli et al (1996) show that the surface chemistry of the recovered carbon black is similar to low grade commercial carbons. The surface roughness of the carbon black is an important property in that it influences the interaction of the active sites of the carbon black with the elastomer.…”

Section: Char Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…There have been many studies investigating the properties of the char as a substitute carbon black (Darmstadt et al, 1995;Sahouli et al, 1996;Roy et al, 1999;Kaminsky and Mennerich, 2001;Pantea et al, 2003;Tang and Huang, 2005;Mikulova et al, 2013). The carbon black/char produced from pyrolysis of tyres differs from commercial carbon black in that the char consists of the recovered carbon black and also pyrolytic char.…”

Section: Char Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Pyrolysis of waste tyres: A review

2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Approximately 1.5 billion tyres are produced each year which will eventually enter the waste stream representing a major potential waste and environmental problem. However, there is growing interest in pyrolysis as a technology to treat tyres to produce valuable oil, char and gas products. The most common reactors used are fixed-bed (batch), screw kiln, rotary kiln, vacuum and fluidised-bed. The key influence on the product yield, and gas and oil composition, is the type of reactor used which in turn determines the temperature and heating rate. Tyre pyrolysis oil is chemically very complex containing aliphatic, aromatic, heteroatom and polar fractions. The fuel characteristics of the tyre oil shows that it is similar to a gas oil or light fuel oil and has been successfully combusted in test furnaces and engines. The main gases produced from the pyrolysis of waste tyres are H 2 , C 1 -C 4 hydrocarbons, CO 2 , CO and H 2 S. Upgrading tyre pyrolysis products to high value products has concentrated on char upgrading to higher quality carbon black and to activated carbon. The use of catalysts to upgrade the oil to a aromatic-rich chemical feedstock or the production of hydrogen from waste tyres has also been reported. Examples of commercial and semi-commercial scale tyre pyrolysis systems show that small scale batch reactors and continuous rotary kiln reactors have been developed to commercial scale.

show abstract

Section: Char Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Char Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrolysis of waste tyres: A review

2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Given their energy content (30-40 MJ/kg), some TCs show potential for use as fuels, although their high sulfur contents pose problems in this respect. Other tyre-based chars have physical and textural characteristics similar to those of certain commercial carbon blacks; unfortunately, their high ash (12-16 wt%), sulfur (1.8-4 wt%), and zinc (3-5 wt%) contents hinder their reuse in the tyre industry Sahouli et al, 1996). Finding new commercial applications for TC is, therefore, of great interest (Lopez et al, 2009b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from the char produced in the thermolysis of granulated scrap tyres

López

Centeno

Rodríguez

et al. 2013

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The char produced in the thermolysis of granulated scrap tyres has few market outlets, reducing the economic viability of the thermolytic process. This paper reports the potential of this char as a low-cost precursor of porous carbons. The tyre-derived char was demineralized in either alkaline or acidic media to reduce its ash, zinc, sulfur, and silica contents. The lowest impurity content was achieved with an HNO 3 /H 2 O treatment. The resulting demineralized char was then subjected to activation by KOH or CO 2 . The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)-specific surface area of the activated carbon produced by the KOH treatment was 242 m 2 /g, whereas that of the CO 2 -activated carbon was 720 m 2 /g. The textural properties of the latter product were similar to those of some commercial activated carbons. The use of tyre-derived char as a precursor of porous carbons could render the thermolytic treatment of scrap tyres more economically attractive.Implications: Char produced in thermolysis of granulated scrap tyres has a few market outlets; in this paper an alternative for its use is presented. The char was converted into activated carbon with textural properties similar to those of some commercial activated carbons. This process could render the thermolytic treatment of scrap tyres more economically attractive.

show abstract

“…The pyrolysis products can also be used in situ as fuels. The char produced can be used as a smokeless fuel or in activated carbon production industry [10][11][12][13][14]. There are currently approximately 3000 manufacturers of tyre pyrolysis plants geared towards the production of carbon black.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are currently approximately 3000 manufacturers of tyre pyrolysis plants geared towards the production of carbon black. The gaseous pyrolysis products mainly consist of CO, CO 2 , H 2 S, CH 4 , C 2 H 4 , C 3 H 8 , C 3 H 6 , C 4 H 10 , C 4 H 8 , C 4 H 6 and exhibit a very high calorific value (up to 40 MJ kg -1 ) [6,14,15]. There is an increasing number of scrap tyre granulation plants in the world, but the larger size fraction of the granulation process (2-12 mm) does not currently have a commercial outlet, despite being produced at 60 000 tons/year in the EU [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen from scrap tyre oil via steam reforming and chemical looping in a packed bed reactor

Giannakeas

Lea‐Langton

Dupont

et al. 2012

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The production of hydrogen from scrap tyre pyrolysis oil (STPO) was investigated using catalytic steam reforming. STPO is difficult to upgrade to cleaner fuels due to its high sulphur content, complex organic composition, high acidity and viscosity, which contribute to catalyst deactivation. The effects of temperature and steam to carbon ratio were investigated through thermodynamic equilibrium calculations of the main aromatic, aliphatic and hetero -N and -S compounds known to be present in STPO. The optimum operating conditions in a packed bed reactor with a Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalyst at atmospheric pressure and molar steam to carbon ratio of 4:1 were 750 °C at a WHSV of 0.82 h -1 . The maximum hydrogen yield was 26.4 wt% of the STPO feedstock, corresponding to 67% of the maximum theoretical yield, compared to 79.4 % predicted at equilibrium for a model mixture of 22 STPO compounds in the same conditions. The selectivity to the H-containing products was 98% H 2 and 2% CH 4 respectively, indicating little undesirable by-product formation, and comparable to equilibrium values. The potential to optimize the process to enhance further the H 2 yield was explored via feasibility tests of chemical looping reforming (CLR) aimed at lowering the heating and purification costs of the hydrogen production from STPO. However, the hydrogen yield decreased with each cycle of CLR. Analysis of the catalyst indicated this was most likely due to deactivation by carbon accumulation and sulphur originally present in the oil, and possibly also by trace elements (Ca, Na). The NiO particles in the catalyst were also shown to have grown after CLR of STPO. Hence further development would require pretreating the oil for removal of sulphur, and use of a catalyst more tolerant to carbon formation. IntroductionThe production of hydrogen from sustainable resources and waste materials as alternatives to fossil fuels present many challenges. This is especially so when the materials , and this has high environmental impact, particularly due to fire hazards.In comparison with wastes such as paper, glass and plastics, tyres are not an "easy"waste to treat because of their size and shape characteristics [3]. There are various options for re-using the materials present in scrap tyre including retreading, shredding and grinding, energy recovery, pyrolysis and gasification [4]. Currently there are ca. 3000 manufacturers of tyre pyrolysis plants which produce carbon black. Recycling scrap tyres via a thermochemical process is suitable due to the low ash content and the higher heating value of tyres compared to coal or biomass. The high production volume of scrap tyres creates the need to find alternative waste management methods. Grinding and shredding produce rubber for applications such as carpets, sports facilities, or playgrounds [5]. Highway construction is a significant area of using scrap tyres and especially in asphalt modified with rubber produced from waste tires [6]. Eldin and Senouci [7] investigated the modification of concrete by repl...

show abstract

Surface morphology and chemistry of commercial carbon black and carbon black from vacuum pyrolysis of used tyres

Cited by 66 publications

References 17 publications

Pyrolysis of waste tyres: A review

Pyrolysis of waste tyres: A review

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from the char produced in the thermolysis of granulated scrap tyres

Hydrogen from scrap tyre oil via steam reforming and chemical looping in a packed bed reactor

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About