Surface-modified nanomaterials-based catalytic materials for water purification, hydrocarbon production, and pollutant remediation

A review of the thermochemistries of biomass gasification and utilisation of gas products

“…Such post-biomass gasication reactions include downstream steam reforming of methane (and other hydrocarbons) in the gas products (eqn (10)), [116][117][118][119][120] dry reforming methane (and other hydrocarbons) in the gas products (eqn ( 11)) and watergas shi (eqn ( 8)). [122][123][124] Tar formation remains a signicant challenge to the biomass gasication process and requires continued research attention. Tar reduction or elimination via catalysis can enhance biomass conversion efficiency for improved syngas quality.…”

“…Such post-biomass gasification reactions include downstream steam reforming of methane (and other hydrocarbons) in the gas products (eqn (10)), 116–120 dry reforming methane (and other hydrocarbons) in the gas products (eqn (11)) and water–gas shift (eqn (8)). 122–124…”

“…Natural materials such as dolomite (CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ), limestone (CaCO 3 ) and olivine ((MgFe) 2 SiO 4 ) are cheap and abundant catalysts for tar reduction and elimination and they are recommended to be employed as bed materials in fluidized bed gasifiers. 122,181 These natural catalysts can be used directly or after pre-treatment. However, natural catalysts have their own drawbacks, including particle fragmentation, moderate activity rate, and relatively low catalytic activity towards reforming of hydrocarbons.…”

The Promise of Metal-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agent

“…This process can be modulated through modification of their fundamental structure . However, their effectiveness as biocatalysts in the biomedical field remains uncertain since of their modest conductivity and larger band gap. , Enhancement of the electronic configuration and number of biologically active sites is an efficient approach for boosting their electrical conductivity as well as chemical–physical aspects enabling biocatalysis since these factors play a significant influence on catalytic performances. , Numerous techniques are aimed at improving a material’s catalytic effectiveness by offering a greater abundance of catalytic sites with an expanded surface area, such as the inclusion of additional substances or doping defect technology, the architecture of composite materials, and so on. , Among these, doping is a practical approach to augmenting the efficiency of biocatalytic processes through the incorporation of additional atoms within the mother metal oxide lattice structure. After successfully doping, the dopant can regulate the electronic configuration of the biocatalyst by boosting the electric charge carrier density and conductivity and further improving the active sites .…”

“…61 However, their effectiveness as biocatalysts in the biomedical field remains uncertain since of their modest conductivity and larger band gap. 62,63 Enhancement of the electronic configuration and number of biologically active sites is an efficient approach for boosting their electrical conductivity as well as chemical− physical aspects enabling biocatalysis since these factors play a significant influence on catalytic performances. 64,65 Numerous techniques are aimed at improving a material's catalytic effectiveness by offering a greater abundance of catalytic sites with an expanded surface area, such as the inclusion of additional substances or doping defect technology, the architecture of composite materials, and so on.…”