Surface modification of microfibrillated cellulose for epoxy composite applications

Lu, Jue; Askeland, Per; Drzal, Lawrence T.

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2008.01.028

Cited by 428 publications

(266 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

247

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…It is conceivable that the improvement of the mechanical properties of CFRP might be attributed to some extent to the effect of both a large interfacial area and high hydrophilicity of the MFC-modified CF. The latter assumption is supported by Lu et al [35] who demonstrated the affinity of MFC and epoxy resin. Interestingly, they also proved that changing the MFC nature from hydrophilic to hydrophobic can still enhance MFC-epoxy interaction.…”

Section: Mechanical Testingmentioning

confidence: 71%

Low-cost, environmentally friendly route for producing CFRP laminates with microfibrillated cellulose interphase

Uribe¹,

Chiromito²,

Carvalho³

et al. 2017

Express Polym. Lett.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The reinforcement of polymer matrices with continuous carbon fibers (CF), giving rise to so-called carbon fiber-reinforced polymers/plastics (CFRP) composites is a major issue in the space, aerospace, naval, wind and oil and gas energy industries because of their need for construction materials that exhibit very high structural efficiency (i.e., exceptional strength/ density and stiffness/density ratios). The improvement in interfacial strength between the polymer matrix and reinforcing fiber system leading to the enhancement of overall mechanical performance of CFRPs has always been sought by materials scientists, since the region separating the bulk polymer from the fiber reinforcement is of utmost importance to load transference and distribution. Kim and Mai [1] and Pegoretti et al. [2] discovered that the shear strength of a fibrous polymer composite is closely related to the shear strength of the fibersurrounding polymer matrix domain. They also noted that the latter property strongly depends upon the mechanical performance of the interphase, which constitutes an intermediate, different phase when compared to the reinforcing fiber and the bulk resin [3]. Many efforts were then devoted to build strong fiber/ matrix interphases by controlling physicochemical interactions and frictional forces acting on this particular region of composite systems [4]. That achievement [1, 2] allowed efficient hierarchical composite structures to be technologically addressed and developed, aiming not only to improve the mechanical strength but also to mitigate interlaminar, intralaminar and translaminar damage, hence enhancing the fracture toughness as well [5][6][7]. For instance, the use of fillers such as monolayer graphene [8][9][10] Abstract. In this paper, a cost-effective and eco-friendly method to improve mechanical performance in continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) matrix composites is presented. Unsized fiber fabric preforms are coated with self-assembling sugarcane bagasse microfibrillated cellulose, and undergo vacuum-assisted liquid epoxy resin infusion to produce solid laminates after curing at ambient temperature. Quasi-static tensile, flexural and short beam testing at room temperature indicated that the stiffness, ultimate strength and toughness at ultimate load of the brand-new two-level hierarchical composite are substantially higher than in baseline, unsized fiber-reinforced epoxy laminate. Atomic force microscopy for height and phase imaging, along with scanning electron microscopy for the fracture surface survey, revealed a 400 nm-thick fiber/matrix interphase wherein microfibrillated cellulose exerts strengthening and toughening roles in the hybrid laminate. Market expansion of this class of continuous fiber-reinforced-polymer matrix composites exhibiting remarkable mechanical performance/cost ratios is thus conceivable.

show abstract

Section: Mechanical Testingmentioning

confidence: 71%

Low-cost, environmentally friendly route for producing CFRP laminates with microfibrillated cellulose interphase

Uribe¹,

Chiromito²,

Carvalho³

et al. 2017

Express Polym. Lett.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Eichhorn et al ( 10,11) investigated the stiffness of cellulose whisker/epoxy system using Raman spectroscopy and highlighted the importance of the interface between matrix and nanofiller. Drzal et al (32) recently reported that the modulus increased approximately 6 fold upon incorporation of 5% w/w microfibrillated cellulose (but not cellulose whiskers) into an epoxy matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose Whisker/Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites

Tang¹,

Weder²

2010

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

New nanocomposites composed of cellulose nanofibers or "whiskers" and an epoxy resin were prepared. Cellulose whiskers with aspect ratios of ∼10 and ∼84 were isolated from cotton and sea animals called tunicates, respectively. Suspensions of these whiskers in dimethylformamide were combined with an oligomeric difunctional diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with an epoxide equivalent weight of 185-192 and a diethyl toluenediamine-based curing agent. Thin films were produced by casting these mixtures and subsequent curing. The whisker content was systematically varied between 4 and 24% v/v. Electron microscopy studies suggest that the whiskers are evenly dispersed within the epoxy matrix. Dynamic mechanical thermoanalysis revealed that the glass transition temperature (T g ) of the materials was not significantly influenced by the incorporation of the cellulose filler. Between room temperature and 150°C, i.e., below T g , the tensile storage moduli (E′) of the nanocomposites increased modestly, for example from 1.6 GPa for the neat polymer to 4.9 and 3.6 GPa for nanocomposites comprising 16% v/v tunicate or cotton whiskers. The relative reinforcement was more significant at 185°C (i.e., above T g ), where E′ was increased from ∼16 MPa (neat polymer) to ∼1.6 GPa (tunicate) or ∼215 MPa (cotton). The mechanical properties of the new materials are well-described by the percolation model and are the result of the formation of a percolating whisker network in which stress transfer is facilitated by strong interactions between the whiskers.

show abstract

“…Several studies have been made of the chemical modification of nano-and microfibrillated cellulose (Stenstad et al 2008;Lu et al 2008) as well as cellulose micro-and nanocrystals and whiskers (Araki et al 2001;Eyholzer et al 2010;Dong and Roman 2007;Goussé et al 2002;Kloser and Gray 2010;Siqueira et al 2010). However, only one paper exists on the application of click-chemistry on the modification of cellulose nanostructures (Filpponen and Argyropoulos 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface functionalization of nanofibrillated cellulose using click-chemistry approach in aqueous media

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the present work, amino functionalized nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was prepared using click-chemistry in aqueous reaction conditions. First, reactive azide groups were introduced on the surface of NFC by the etherification of 1-azido-2,3-epoxypropane in alkaline water/isopropanol-mixture at ambient temperature. Then the azide groups were reacted with propargyl amine utilizing copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), leading to pH-responsive 1,2,3-triazole-4-methanamine decorated NFC. The reaction products were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The presence of the attached azide groups was also confirmed by reacting them with 5-(dimethylamino)-N-(2-propyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide by CuAAC, yielding highly fluorescent NFC. In addition, atom force microscopy and rheology studies confirmed that the original NFC nanostructure was maintained during the synthesis.

show abstract

Surface modification of microfibrillated cellulose for epoxy composite applications

Cited by 428 publications

References 19 publications

Low-cost, environmentally friendly route for producing CFRP laminates with microfibrillated cellulose interphase

Low-cost, environmentally friendly route for producing CFRP laminates with microfibrillated cellulose interphase

Cellulose Whisker/Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites

Surface functionalization of nanofibrillated cellulose using click-chemistry approach in aqueous media

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About