Surface modification of fly ash by mechano-chemical treatment

Impact of titanate coupling agent on properties of high density polyethylene composite filled with coal gangue

“…It is generally true that surface properties of filler play a crucial part on the affinity of polymer and inorganic fillers, and there are various activation treatments applied to manipulate surface modification of inorganic materials during the past few decades including coupling agent modification, mechanical activation, thermal activation, surfactant modification, plasma treatment, and microwave activation. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Among these methods, coupling agents can change the surface wettability of materials without affecting the most properties, and it has been widely used in surface modification of inorganic matters due to easy availability and high efficiency, including silane coupling agents, titanate coupling agents, aluminate coupling agents, and rare-earth coupling agents. [20][21][22][31][32][33][34] With the excellent performance, titanate coupling agents are consumed popularly in surface treatments of numerous materials.…”

Fabrication of solidified bodies by utilizing mechanochemically modified fly ash powder

“…(The XRD results are referenced from our previously reported paper. 16) The inhomogeneous strain in the lattice of the mullite and quartz phases is plotted as a function of the treatment time in Fig. 3, which indicates a drastic increase in the strain with increases in treatment time, especially in the mullite phase composing Si and Al.…”

“…The solubility dynamic of surfacemodified FA in alkali solutions was systematically studied, summarized based on a recombination model of the "grinding effect" and "activation effect", which can be well correlated with the changes in surface morphology and crystal structure, respectively. 16) As a result, the dissolubility of Si and Al ions from surface-modified FA powder in alkali solutions was significantly enhanced, and dissolution of sufficient numbers of ions was obtained in lowconcentration NaOH solutions (such as 3 M). We present here the fabrication of solidified bodies using MC-modified FA powders with low-concentration NaOH solution at low temperature via non-sintering ceramic processing, as a practical application based on our previous research.…”

“…Therefore, not only did the crystal structure become disordered, but chemical bonding strength also decreased after MC treatment, resulting in the FA particle surface chemicals becoming more unstable and in further dissolution of the FA powder in NaOH solution, resutls that show good agreement with our previous conclusion demonstrated in the reference. 16) Figure 4 shows the microstructures of the solidified bodies observed by SEM. It can be demonstrated that the particle boundary became ambiguous and the microstruc- tures densified with treatment time.…”

“…We suggest that the comparable mechanical properties of the solidified bodies can be attributed to the density which has a strong correlation with the degree of dissolution of ions in alkali solution. In the case of MC-modified FA, the dissolubility of Si and Al ions was enhanced, 16) which should lead to easily sufficient formation and precipitation of alumino-silicate. The present study demonstrates the fabrication of solidified bodies of MC-modified FA with a low-concentration alkali solution (NaOH, 3 M) at low temperature via non-sintering ceramic processing.…”