Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean

Uttal, Taneil; Curry, Judith A.; McPhee, Miles G.; Perovich, Donald K.; Moritz, Richard E.; Maslanik, James A; Guest, Peter; Stern, Harry L.; Moore, James A.; Turenne, Rene; Heiberg, Andreas; Serreze, Mark C.; Wylie, Donald P.; Persson, Ola; Paulson, Clayton A.; Halle, Christopher; Morison, James H.; Wheeler, Patricia A.; Makshtas, Alexander; Welch, H. E.; Shupe, Matthew D.; Intrieri, J. M.; Stamnes, Knut; Lindsey, Ronald W.; Pinkel, Robert; Pegau, W. Scott; Stanton, Timothy P.; Grenfeld, Thomas C.

doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0255:shbota>2.3.co;2

Cited by 504 publications

(385 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, although summertime low clouds increase over the first half of the 21st century, they decrease on average Arctic-wide during RILEs. Because Arctic low-level clouds are the predominant and most radiatively significant cloud type (Uttal et al 2002), their decline means that more solar energy can reach the surface during summer and thus enhance warming (we note, however, that in our simulations most of this extra heating would have to be transmitted indirectly to the ice surface because the reduced summertime total cloudiness during RILEs occurs primarily over land) (Sect. 3.2).…”

Section: Synthesis and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Changes in Arctic clouds during intervals of rapid sea ice loss

Vavrus¹,

Holland

Bailey

2010

Clim Dyn

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We investigate the behavior of clouds during rapid sea ice loss events (RILEs) in the Arctic, as simulated by multiple ensemble projections of the 21st century in the Community Climate System Model (CCSM3). Trends in cloud properties and sea ice coverage during RILEs are compared with their secular trends between 2000 and 2049 during summer, autumn, and winter. The results suggest that clouds promote abrupt Arctic climate change during RILEs through increased (decreased) cloudiness in autumn (summer) relative to the changes over the first half of the 21st century. The trends in cloud characteristics (cloud amount, water content, and radiative forcing) during RILEs are most strongly and consistently an amplifying effect during autumn, the season in which RILEs account for the majority of the secular trends. The total cloud trends in every season are primarily due to low clouds, which show a more robust response than middle and high clouds across RILEs. Lead-lag correlations of monthly sea ice concentration and cloud cover during autumn reveal that the relationship between less ice and more clouds is enhanced during RILEs, but there is no evidence that either variable is leading the other. Given that Arctic cloud projections in CCSM3 are similar to those from other state-of-the-art GCMs and that observations show increased autumn cloudiness associated with the extreme 2007 and 2008 sea ice minima, this study suggests that the rapidly declining Arctic sea ice will be accentuated by changes in polar clouds.

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Section: Synthesis and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Changes in Arctic clouds during intervals of rapid sea ice loss

Vavrus¹,

Holland

Bailey

2010

Clim Dyn

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“…The SHEBA ice camp drifted approximately 2700 km in the Beaufort Gyre between 2 October 1997 and 11 October 1998 (Uttal et al, 2002). It started in the Beaufort Sea, drifted westward into the Chukchi Sea, then turned north into the Arctic Ocean near the date line.…”

Section: The Sheba Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During SHEBA, the year-long experiment in 1997 and 1998 to study the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (Uttal et al, 2002), our Atmospheric Surface Flux Group (ASFG) evaluated the neutral-stability drag coefficient at a 10 m reference height, C DN10 , hourly at multiple sites over sea ice for nearly a year. Figure 2 shows the time series of these C DN10 values and the fractional surface coverage of water in leads and melt ponds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parametrizing turbulent exchange over summer sea ice and the marginal ice zone

Andreas

Horst

Grachev

et al. 2010

Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc.

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154

188

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The surface of the Arctic Ocean in summer is a mix of sea ice and water in both leads and melt ponds. Here we use data collected at multiple sites during the year-long experiment to study the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) to develop a bulk turbulent flux algorithm for predicting the surface fluxes of momentum and sensible and latent heat over the Arctic Ocean during summer from readily measured or modelled quantities. The distinctive aerodynamic feature of summer sea ice is that the leads and melt ponds create vertical ice faces that the wind can push against; momentum transfer to the surface is thus enhanced through form drag. In effect, summer sea ice behaves aerodynamically like the marginal ice zone, which is another surface that consists of sea ice and water. In our bulk flux algorithm, we therefore combine our SHEBA measurements of the neutral-stability drag coefficient at a reference height of 10 m, C DN10 , with similar measurements from marginal ice zones that have been reported in the literature to create a unified parametrization for C DN10 for summer sea ice and for any marginal ice zone. This parametrization predicts C DN10 from a second-order polynomial in ice concentration. Our bulk flux algorithm also includes expressions for the roughness lengths for temperature and humidity, introduces new profile stratification corrections for stable stratification, and effectively eliminates the singularities that often occur in iterative flux algorithms for very light winds. In summary, this new algorithm seems capable of estimating the friction velocity u

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“…During winter, insolation is low or absent and the atmospheric boundary layer is typically very stable, limiting turbulent heat exchange, so that the surface energy budget is almost entirely governed by longwave radiation [Serreze et al, 2007]. The Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) experiment [Uttal et al, 2002], a yearlong observational campaign which collected data at high temporal resolution at an ice-locked drifting site in the Beaufort Sea, showed that the net surface longwave radiation (NetLW) during the winter of 1997-1998 had a strinkingly bimodal distribution: conditions oscillated between a "radiatively clear" state with rapid surface heat loss (NetLW -40 W m -2 ) and a "moist cloudy" state with NetLW 0 W m -2 [Stramler et al, 2011]. Each state can persist for days or weeks at a time, but transitions between them happen in a matter of hours.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large‐scale circulation associated with moisture intrusions into the Arctic during winter

Woods

Caballero

Svensson

2013

Geophysical Research Letters

244

303

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[1] We examine the poleward transport of water vapor across 70 ı N during boreal winter in the ERA-Interim reanalysis product, focusing on intense moisture intrusion events. We analyze the large-scale circulation patterns associated with these intrusions and the impacts they have at the surface. A total of 298 events are identified between 1990 and 2010, an average of 14 per season, accounting for 28% of the total poleward transport of moisture across 70 ı N. They are concentrated over the main ocean basins at that latitude in the Labrador Sea, North Atlantic, Barents/Kara Sea, and Pacific. Composites of sea level pressure and potential temperature on the 2 potential vorticity unit surface during intrusions show a large-scale blocking pattern to the east of each basin, deflecting midlatitude cyclones and their associated moisture poleward. The interannual variability of intrusions is strongly correlated with variability in winter-mean surface downward longwave radiation and skin temperature averaged over the Arctic. Citation: Woods, C., R. Caballero, and G. Svensson (2013), Large-scale circulation associated with moisture intrusions into the Arctic during winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40,[4717][4718][4719][4720][4721]

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Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean

Abstract: A year/long ice camp centered around a Canadian icebreaker frozen in the arctic ice pack successfully collected a wealth of atmospheric, oceanographic, and cryospheric data.

Cited by 504 publications

References 33 publications

Changes in Arctic clouds during intervals of rapid sea ice loss

Changes in Arctic clouds during intervals of rapid sea ice loss

Parametrizing turbulent exchange over summer sea ice and the marginal ice zone

Large‐scale circulation associated with moisture intrusions into the Arctic during winter

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