Surface functionalization of carbon nanotubes: fabrication and applications

Mallakpour, Shadpour; Soltanian, Samaneh

doi:10.1039/c6ra24522f

Cited by 268 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…Then, the readily existing functional group will have shorten tubes upon oxidation. The reaction sites also known as defect sites that will be happen either at the end of the tubes (cap) or at the sidewalls …”

Section: Allotropes Carbon Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reaction sites also known as defect sites that will be happen either at the end of the tubes (cap) or at the sidewalls. [39][40][41] These wide explorations on CNTs give much attention toward various applications and also enhance the performance for many fields. It is also gaining more focus in nanotechnology, nanosystem, and collaborating with new dimensional advanced materials such as graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), and others.…”

Section: Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Allotrope carbon materials in thermal interface materials and fuel cell applications: A review

2019

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Summary The performance of allotrope carbon materials has been explored because of their superior properties in energy system applications. This review provides an understanding of the current work focusing on the applications of selected carbon materials in important energy systems, focus on thermal interface materials (TIMs), and fuel cell applications. This article begins with the introduction of TIMs and fuel cell in general working principle and presents details on carbon materials. The discussion focuses on updates from the latest research work and addresses current challenges and opportunities for research toward TIMs and fuel cell applications. The optimum performance of TIMs was seen when thermal conductivity achieved at a maximum of 3000 W (m K)−1 by using vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and a minimum internal thermal resistance of 0.3 mm2 K W−1. Meanwhile for fuel cell, the platinum/CNTs catalyst applied proton exchange membrane fuel cell achieved high power density of 661 mW cm−2 in the presence of Nafion electrolyte membrane. This review provides insights for scientists about the use of carbon materials, especially in energy system applications.

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Section: Allotropes Carbon Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allotrope carbon materials in thermal interface materials and fuel cell applications: A review

2019

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“…Oxidation is the more common covalent functionalization of CNTs [59,172]. As already observed, oxygen functional groups are obtained on the carbon nanostructures using strong acid treatments [254,255]. Oxygen based groups lead to a reduction of the Van der Waals forces and allow a further surface engineering by attaching other molecules or nanoparticles as polymeric molecules, dendrimers, DNA strands, enzymes [256].…”

Section: Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Other highly reactive species are utilized to functionalize CNTs, graphene and fullerenes like halogens, radicals, carbenes, or nitrenes [22,259]. Other popular reaction utilized to functionalize the carbon nanostructures are the cycloaddition and the amination processes [22,255,260]. Non-covalent functionalization relies on the electrostatic interactions, the van der Waals force, the hydrophobic or hydrophilic interactions, the π-π stacking to immobilize of biomolecules onto carbon nanostructures.…”

Section: Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Functionalization in the Applications of Carbon Materials: An Overview

Speranza

2019

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The carbon-based materials (CbMs) refer to a class of substances in which the carbon atoms can assume different hybridization states (sp 1 , sp 2 , sp 3 ) leading to different allotropic structures -. In these substances, the carbon atoms can form robust covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or with a vast class of metallic and non-metallic elements, giving rise to an enormous number of compounds from small molecules to long chains to solids. This is one of the reasons why the carbon chemistry is at the basis of the organic chemistry and the biochemistry from which life on earth was born. In this context, the surface chemistry assumes a substantial role dictating the physical and chemical properties of the carbon-based materials. Different functionalities are obtained by bonding carbon atoms with heteroatoms (mainly oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur) determining a certain reactivity of the compound which otherwise is rather weak. This holds for classic materials such as the diamond, the graphite, the carbon black and the porous carbon but functionalization is widely applied also to the carbon nanostructures which came at play mainly in the last two decades. As a matter of fact, nowadays, in addition to fabrication of nano and porous structures, the functionalization of CbMs is at the basis of a number of applications as catalysis, energy conversion, sensing, biomedicine, adsorption etc. This work is dedicated to the modification of the surface chemistry reviewing the different approaches also considering the different macro and nano allotropic forms of carbon.C 2019, 5, 84 3 of 45 narrow graphite-like interconnected layers. This leads to a closed pore rigid structure that is chemically inert, hard but brittle [48][49][50].Due to the highly resistant, conductive, and inert network, glassy carbons are utilized in a series of rather different applications. They are utilized as electrodes in solid state batteries and in industrial harsh chemical processes where also high temperatures are involved such as crystallization of CaF2, CdS and ZnS. Glassy carbon can be utilized to manufacture high temperature furnace elements. Due to the chemical inertness, glassy carbons are utilized also in fabrication of protheses. Porous carbon and carbon black are much softer. Generally, in industrial applications important is the extension of the surface which is exposed to the external environment. The porous carbon is characterized by a high specific surface area enhancing the interaction with the external medium. Although it possesses a lower conductivity with respect to glassy carbon, the high porosity and the presence of active sites makes it a good material to fabricate electrodes for applications in electrochemistry [51][52][53] and bioelectrodes for sensing and stimulation [54,55].The same holds for the carbon black mainly utilized as additive in rubbers and polymers to improve their mechanical properties, or as a pigment [56] although new potentialities have been recently envisaged [57].Common to all the forms of carbon which are bri...

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“…Функционализация поверхности УНТ является необходимой процедурой при создании мате-риалов с улучшенными поверхностными и объемными свойствами [2,3]. Для этих целей зачастую применя-ют химические методы, основанные на присоединении к поверхности УНТ различных кислородсодержащих групп, с использованием окислителей (HCl, H 2 SO 4 , HNO 3 ) [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Электронная Структура Азотсодержащих Углеродных Нанотрубок, Облученных Ионами Аргона: Исследование Методами РФЭС И XANES

Несов¹,

Корусенко²,

Болотов³

et al. 2017

Физика Твердого Тела

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Методами рентгеновской фотоэлектронной спектроскопии (РФЭС) и анализа ближней тонкой структуры поглощения (XANES) с использованием синхротронного излучения получены данные об изменении электронной структуры и химического состава азотсодержащих многостенных углеродных нанотрубок (N-МУНТ) вследствие облучения ионами аргона с энергией 5 keV. Установлено, что облучение приводит к увеличению степени дефектности структуры N-МУНТ и окислению углерода с образованием различных кислородсодержащих групп (C−OH, C=O/COOH, C−O−C/O−C−O, CO 3 ). Наличие углерод-кислородных связей на поверхности углеродных нанотрубок связано с формированием радиационных дефектов. Показано, что увеличение в результате облучения доли атомов азота в замещающей конфигурации в структуре стенок N-МУНТ, не приводит к повышению плотности занятых состояний вблизи уровня Ферми на фоне увеличения степени дефектности структуры, окисления углерода и понижения общей концентрации азота. Полученные результаты показывают, что облучение N-МУНТ ионами аргона позволяет эффективно функционализировать их поверхность.Исследование выполнено при частичной финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научных проектов № 15-42-04308 р_сибирь_а и № 16-08-00763 а.

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Surface functionalization of carbon nanotubes: fabrication and applications

Abstract: This review highlights recent development in functionalization of CNTs and their applications.

Cited by 268 publications

References 110 publications

Allotrope carbon materials in thermal interface materials and fuel cell applications: A review

Allotrope carbon materials in thermal interface materials and fuel cell applications: A review

The Role of Functionalization in the Applications of Carbon Materials: An Overview

Электронная Структура Азотсодержащих Углеродных Нанотрубок, Облученных Ионами Аргона: Исследование Методами РФЭС И XANES

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