Surface functional groups of carbons and the effects of their chemical character, density and accessibility to ions on electrochemical performance

Seredych, Mykola; Hulicova‐Jurcakova, Denisa; Lu, Gao Qing; Bandosz, Teresa J.

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2008.06.027

Cited by 790 publications

(499 citation statements)

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“…Specifically, the presence of nitrogen not only provides pseudocapacitance but also increases the electron-donor capability of the N-enriched carbons [10][11][12]. Several post-activation techniques, such as ammoxidation, amination, and treatment with nitrogen-containing organic compounds, have been employed to enrich AC surfaces with nitrogen [11,[13][14][15][16]. The use of nitrogencontaining carbon precursors appears to be more desirable because it avoids the use of post-treatments and guarantees a uniform distribution of nitrogen atoms in the bulk of the material [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to previous studies, the presence of nitrogen moieties increases the electronic charge density on the surface of the ACs, which favors the adsorption of protons from the acidic electrolyte [16,36]. Therefore, the presence of nitrogen functionalities in the chitosan-based ACs may have enhanced their pseudocapacitive behavior, as well as their double-layer capacitance.…”

Section: Electrochemical Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Nitrogen-containing chitosan-based carbon as an electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors

et al. 2016

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Nitrogen-containing activated carbons were prepared from chitosan, a widely available and inexpensive biopolysaccharide, by a simple procedure and tested as electrode material in supercapacitors. The physical activation of chitosan chars with CO 2 led to carbons with a very high nitrogen content (up to 5.4 wt%) and moderate surface areas (1000-1100 m 2 g -1 ). Only chitosan-based activated carbons with a similar microporous structure were considered in this study to evaluate the effect of the nitrogen content and distribution on their electrochemical performance. The N-containing activated carbons were tested in two-and three-electrode supercapacitors using an aqueous electrolyte (1 M H 2 SO 4 ), and they exhibited superior surface capacitance (19.5 lF cm -2 ) and pseudocapacitance compared to a commercial activated carbon with a negligible nitrogen content and similar microporosity. The low oxygen content and the presence of stable quaternary nitrogen improved the charge propagation on the chitosan-based carbons, which was confirmed by the high capacity retention of 83 %. The chitosan-based carbons exhibited excellent cyclic stability and maintained 100 % of their capacitance after 5000 charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 1 A g -1 . These results demonstrate the suitability of chitosan-based carbons for application in energy storage systems.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrochemical Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen-containing chitosan-based carbon as an electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors

et al. 2016

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“…Wet oxidation using different oxidants (HNO 3 , H 2 O 2 , (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ) is the most common approach used to incorporate oxygen groups into the AC surface (Moreno-Castilla et al 2000). Nitrogen groups are predominantly introduced by reaction with ammonia and other nitrogen-containing compounds such as urea and melamine (Przepiórski et al 2004;Seredych et al 2008;Chen et al 2012). In addition, the basicity of the carbon surface can also be associated with the delocalized p-electrons of the graphene layer (Radovic et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption of atrazine on hemp stem-based activated carbons with different surface chemistry

et al. 2015

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Surface-modified hemp stem-based activated carbons (HACs) were prepared and used for the adsorption of atrazine from aqueous solution, and their adsorption performance was examined. A series of HACs were prepared by potassium hydroxide activation of hemp stems, followed by subsequent modification by thermal annealing, oxidation with nitric acid and amination. The resultant HACs differed in surface chemistry, while possessing similar porous structure. The surface group characteristics were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and measurement of the point of zero charge (pH PZC ). The adsorption of atrazine from aqueous solution was performed in static conditions. The Langmuir-Freundlich and Langmuir models gave a better fit for equilibrium isotherms compared with the Freundlich model. The atrazine adsorption process was controlled by an intraparticle diffusion mechanism with a significant contribution from film diffusion. The presence of oxygen and nitrogen functionalities on the carbon surface was found to be undesirable for atrazine adsorption. The superior adsorbent was obtained by heat treatment of HAC in an inert atmosphere at 700°C, resulting in a very high adsorption capacity due to its enhanced hydrophobicity. The adsorption of atrazine on the studied HACs mainly involves p-p dispersive interactions between the atrazine ring and the graphene layers of carbon.

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“…The amine and/or cyano functional groups in HTMA-C have lone pair electrons, which increase the surface charge density. While NC does contain negatively charged nitrogen groups in the form of pyrrolic and pyridinic nitrogen that can increase conductivity and add pseudocapacitance [27,52], these charges are distributed throughout the bulk rather than remaining only on the surface and therefore do not interact as directly with the electrolyte. Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of surface and bulk nitrogen modification in highly porous carbon for enhanced supercapacitors

Uchaker

2015

Sci. China Mater.

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Surface functional groups of carbons and the effects of their chemical character, density and accessibility to ions on electrochemical performance

Cited by 790 publications

References 47 publications

Nitrogen-containing chitosan-based carbon as an electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors

Nitrogen-containing chitosan-based carbon as an electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors

Adsorption of atrazine on hemp stem-based activated carbons with different surface chemistry

Comparison of surface and bulk nitrogen modification in highly porous carbon for enhanced supercapacitors

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