Surface Film Formation and Lithium Underpotential Deposition on Au(111) Surfaces in Propylene Carbonate

Abstract

The formation and the morphological change of surface film on a Au͑111͒ electrode in propylene carbonate solution containing 0.1 M LiClO 4 in the potential region between 0.8 and 2.5 V (Li/Li ϩ ) were studied by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. The surface film was observed on a gold electrode at potentials more negative than 1.5 V ͑Li/Li ϩ ), and many nuclei appeared on the flat terrace of the electrode at potentials more negative than 0.9 V, where underpotential deposition of lithium on gold was started. Many holes on the surface film were observed after the dissolution of lithium and were thought to be formed as a result of breakdown of the film in nanometer order. The deposition and dissolution of the submonolayer lithium affected the surface morphology in nanometer order.

Lithium batteries: Improving solid-electrolyte interphases via underpotential solvent electropolymerization

“…1 A and B, peaks between 0.8 and 1.0 V correspond to PC reduction (PCR hereafter) [22] . Peaks at 0.3 V are assigned to the underpotential deposition (UPD) of Li 0 on the basis of similar peaks within 0.4–0.6 V reported in the literature [23] , and the fact that the peak at 1.3 V associated with the anodic stripping of UPD Li 0 deposits does not appear following cathodic scans that were reversed at 0.9 V to avoid Li 0 deposition.…”

An in situ STM investigation of EMITFSI ionic liquid on Au(111) in the presence of lithium salt

“…The surface is covered by a film which is not a good electron conductor, and hence clear STM images could not be obtained. The work in organic solvent suggests that the products of solvent reduction are the dominant compositions of the surface film formed in this stage [29]. Besides the film-like morphology, many clusters appear on the terrace with a height about 0.6 nm when the electrode potential becomes more negative at about 0.85 V in Fig.…”

Effect of Mn and Cu Addition on Lithiation and SEI Formation on Model Anode Electrodes

“…23 Increased capacity on the fifth cycle as compared to the first cycle is associated with roughening the gold electrode surface, exposing a greater surface area of gold for lithiation and delithiation. 24,25 This roughening of the electrode surface is due to the Li-Au dealloying process. Table I shows, the amount of lithiation for both the first and fifth cycles is substantially (48% and 44%, respectively) lower than that obtained without added Mn 2+ .…”

“…With lithiation and delithiation, the Au surface roughens, as has been observed previously. 24,25 Fig. 3a shows the effect of five cycles of lithiation and delithiation on a Au surface in the absence of Mn 2+ .…”