Surface enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopic (SESORS) imaging – the next dimension

Stone, Nick; Kerssens, Marleen M.; Lloyd, Gavin R.; Faulds, Karen; Graham, Duncan; Matousek, Pavel

doi:10.1039/c0sc00570c

Cited by 172 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combines the high chemical sensitivity of SERS with the spatial resolution of scanning probe microscopy, and it facilitates the study of individual molecules with sub-nanometer spatial resolution. A more recently adapted variant, surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SESORS), 8 combines SERS with spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS). It involves the implantation of a metallic substrate into a sample and allows chemical information to be retrieved through a covering layer (e.g., skin).…”

Section: Enhanced Raman Spectroscopiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman Spectroscopy of Blood and Blood Components

et al. 2017

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Blood is a bodily fluid that is vital for a number of life functions in animals. To a first approximation, blood is a mildly alkaline aqueous fluid (plasma) in which a large number of free-floating red cells (erythrocytes), white cells (leucocytes), and platelets are suspended. The primary function of blood is to transport oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body and move carbon dioxide in the return direction after it is produced by the cells' metabolism. Blood also carries nutrients to the cells and brings waste products to the liver and kidneys. Measured levels of oxygen, nutrients, waste, and electrolytes in blood are often used for clinical assessment of human health. Raman spectroscopy is a nondestructive analytical technique that uses the inelastic scattering of light to provide information on chemical composition, and hence has a potential role in this clinical assessment process. Raman spectroscopic probing of blood components and of whole blood has been on-going for more than four decades and has proven useful in applications ranging from the understanding of hemoglobin oxygenation, to the discrimination of cancerous cells from healthy lymphocytes, and the forensic investigation of crime scenes. In this paper, we review the literature in the field, collate the published Raman spectroscopy studies of erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets, plasma, and whole blood, and attempt to draw general conclusions on the state of the field.

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Section: Enhanced Raman Spectroscopiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman Spectroscopy of Blood and Blood Components

et al. 2017

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“…Especially attractive feature of this concept is its inherent ability for multiplexing. This characteristics was demonstrated in a recent study which combined ex vivo monitoring of SERS nanoparticles [75]. Multiplexed SERS signals from 4 different 'flavours' of nanoparticles were recovered non-invasively from a depth of 20 mm in tissues and reconstructed to produce a false colour image (see Figure 9).…”

Section: Multiplexed Imaging In Tissue Using Sesorsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Recent advances in the development of Raman spectroscopy for deep non‐invasive medical diagnosis

Matousek¹,

Stone²

2012

Journal of Biophotonics

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148

121

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Raman spectroscopy has recently undergone major advances in the area of deep non‐invasive characterisation of biological tissues. The progress stems from the development of spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) and renaissance of transmission Raman spectroscopy permitting the assessment of diffusely scattering samples at depths several orders of magnitude deeper than possible with conventional Raman spectroscopy. Examples of emerging applications include non‐invasive diagnosis of bone disease, cancer and monitoring of glucose levels. This article reviews this fast moving field focusing on recent developments within the medical area. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

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“…2E). At present, the maximum reported depth of penetration using the spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) method is 45-50 mm (19), which is sufficient for imaging in small animals, and the depth using Raman tomography is 27 mm (20). Although this depth is limited with respect to hybrid optical modalities such as photoacoustic imaging (18), Raman spectroscopy requires a dose of nanoparticles an order of magnitude lower to generate a detectable signal (8,18,21) and enables multiplexed readout with only a single wavelength of excitation (4), simplifying the instrumentation considerably.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A small animal Raman instrument for rapid, wide-area, spectroscopic imaging

Bohndiek

Wagadarikar

Zavaleta

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

124

118

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Raman spectroscopy, amplified by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticles, is a molecular imaging modality with ultra-high sensitivity and the unique ability to multiplex readouts from different molecular targets using a single wavelength of excitation. This approach holds exciting prospects for a range of applications in medicine, including identification and characterization of malignancy during endoscopy and intraoperative image guidance of surgical resection. The development of Raman molecular imaging with SERS nanoparticles is presently limited by long acquisition times, poor spatial resolution, small field of view, and difficulty in animal handling with existing Raman spectroscopy instruments. Our goal is to overcome these limitations by designing a bespoke instrument for Raman molecular imaging in small animals. Here, we present a unique and dedicated small-animal Raman imaging instrument that enables rapid, high-spatial resolution, spectroscopic imaging over a wide field of view (> 6 cm 2 ), with simplified animal handling. Imaging of SERS nanoparticles in small animals demonstrated that this small animal Raman imaging system can detect multiplexed SERS signals in both superficial and deep tissue locations at least an order of magnitude faster than existing systems without compromising sensitivity.R aman spectroscopy is a powerful bioanalytical tool based on the inelastic scattering of photons by molecular bonds; as each bond has a characteristic vibrational energy, the spectrum of Raman scatter peaks provides a unique fingerprint for a given sample. In vivo applications previously were limited by the relatively weak Raman effect (fewer than one event per 10 7 elastic scattering events) and poor depth of penetration (<1 mm). Recently, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was shown to overcome these limitations, enabling the use of Raman spectroscopy for molecular imaging in small living subjects (1-4).SERS is a plasmonic effect in which molecules adsorbed on a rough metal surface experience a >10 6 -fold increase in Raman scatter intensity (5). The SERS enhancement may be exploited in vivo by coating Raman active molecules onto gold nanoparticles (6), which can be engineered to target specific disease markers (7). Advantages of this approach, as opposed to other optical spectroscopy techniques, include a high sensitivity of detection, a low intrinsic background signal, the environmental and optical stability of nanoparticles, and the ability to multiplex signals from different biological targets (6). Therefore, Raman molecular imaging is not only attractive for studies in small animals, it is also being developed for clinical translation through endoscopy and as an intraoperative imaging approach to guide surgical resection (8,9). Despite the substantial increase in signal afforded by the SERS approach, reports of in vivo Raman imaging using SERS are relatively rare. Expansion of this promising technique currently is limited by the lack of a dedicated Raman spectroscopy instrument speci...

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Surface enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopic (SESORS) imaging – the next dimension

Cited by 172 publications

References 33 publications

Raman Spectroscopy of Blood and Blood Components

Raman Spectroscopy of Blood and Blood Components

Recent advances in the development of Raman spectroscopy for deep non‐invasive medical diagnosis

A small animal Raman instrument for rapid, wide-area, spectroscopic imaging

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