Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Trace Identification of Controlled Substances: Morphine, Codeine, and Hydrocodone

Rana, Vinesh; Cañamares, María Vega; Kubic, Thomas; Leona, Marco; Lombardi, John R.

doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01562.x

Cited by 81 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Subsequently, the optimal conditions for SERS enhancement were achieved using a citrate-reduced silver colloid with sodium chloride as the aggregation agent which is similar to our previously published protocol. 30 A previous study reported the SERS optimum con-ditions of codeine dissolved in water, 41 where silver nano-particles with NaCl gave the highest enhancement at 633 nm and which further supported the optimization conditions used in our present study.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

Quantitative detection of codeine in human plasma using surface-enhanced Raman scattering via adaptation of the isotopic labelling principle

Subaihi

Muhamadali

Mutter

et al. 2017

Analyst

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aIn this study surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) combined with the isotopic labelling (IL) principle has been used for the quantification of codeine spiked into both water and human plasma. Multivariate statistical approaches were employed for the analysis of these SERS spectral data, particularly partial least squares regression (PLSR) which was used to generate models using the full SERS spectral data for quantification of codeine with, and without, an internal isotopic labelled standard. The PLSR models provided accurate codeine quantification in water and human plasma with high prediction accuracy (Q 2 ). In addition, the employment of codeine-d6 as the internal standard further improved the accuracy of the model, by increasing the Q 2 from 0.89 to 0.94 and decreasing the low root-mean-square error of predictions (RMSEP) from 11.36 to 8.44. Using the peak area at 1281 cm −1 assigned to C-N stretching, C-H wagging and ring breathing, the limit of detection was calculated in both water and human plasma to be 0.7 µM (209.55 ng mL −1) and 1.39 µM (416.12 ng mL −1 ), respectively. Due to a lack of definitive codeine vibrational assignments, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have also been used to assign the spectral bands with their corresponding vibrational modes, which were in excellent agreement with our experimental Raman and SERS findings. Thus, we have successfully demonstrated the application of SERS with isotope labelling for the absolute quantification of codeine in human plasma for the first time with a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility. The use of the IL principle which employs an isotopolog (that is to say, a molecule which is only diff erent by the substitution of atoms by isotopes) improves quantifi-cation and reproducibility because the competition of the codeine and codeine-d6 for the metal surface used for SERS is equal and this will off set any diff erence in the number of particles under analysis or any fluctuations in laser fluence. It is our belief that this may open up new exciting opportunities for testing SERS in real-world samples and applications which would be an area of potential future studies.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

Quantitative detection of codeine in human plasma using surface-enhanced Raman scattering via adaptation of the isotopic labelling principle

Subaihi

Muhamadali

Mutter

et al. 2017

Analyst

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“…morphine, codeine and hydrocodone. [10] The detection limit of morphine in silver sol was found to be 1.5 ng/ml. [9] Some other calculations, such as normal coordinate analysis and charge distribution of morphine were applied to investigate the dynamic behaviour of this drug in relation to Leu5-and Met5-enkephalins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphine studied by vibrational spectroscopy and DFT calculations

Barańska

Kaczor

2011

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Morphine is a highly potent opiate analgesic drug considered to be the prototypical opioid. It is metabolized in the body to morphine-3-O-glucuronide, which is antagonistic to the analgesic effects of the drug. Other forms of morphine of biological activity are salts used in medical dosing. In order to investigate morphine, its metabolite and salts and as well as pharmaceutical product, Fourier transform (FT) infrared and Raman spectroscopy were used. Experimental spectra of morphine were interpreted with the help of quantum-chemical calculations performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level. The results presented in this study provide clear evidence of the benefits of Raman and IR spectroscopy in alkaloid analysis, which can be used for efficient quality control, forensic analysis and analytical chemistry.

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“…21 Interest in pharmaceutical analysis by SERS has increased in the past couple of years. The detection of phenolic estrogens, 22 tetracycline, 23 captopril, 24 controlled substances like morphine, codeine, hydrocodone 25 and many other drugs have been attempted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Drugs Illegally Added into Chinese Traditional Patent Medicine Using Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering

Zhang¹,

Huang

Liu

et al. 2013

ANAL. SCI.

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Illegal chemicals, which could cause unpredictable side effects, may be added into traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for a rapid healing effect. In this report, a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) analysis method for five kinds of illegally added drugs (rosiglitazone maleate, phenformin hydrochloride, metformin hydrochloride, pioglitazone hydrochloride and sibutramine hydrochloride) in Chinese traditional patent medicine (CTPM) has been demonstrated, including simultaneous detections of drug mixtures with CTPM. Silver colloidal, prepared by a sodium citrate reaction, was used as a SERS substrate. The optimum pH condition for each drug has also been explored because of its combined effect on protonation, surface charge, repulsion of an analyte and nanoparticles. Furthermore, the simultaneous detection of two or three kinds of these chemicals has been carried out. Characteristic peaks are employed for qualitative analysis. This is the first research using SERS for the analysis of drug mixtures in CTPM without any separation process.

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Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Trace Identification of Controlled Substances: Morphine, Codeine, and Hydrocodone

Cited by 81 publications

References 21 publications

Quantitative detection of codeine in human plasma using surface-enhanced Raman scattering via adaptation of the isotopic labelling principle

Quantitative detection of codeine in human plasma using surface-enhanced Raman scattering via adaptation of the isotopic labelling principle

Morphine studied by vibrational spectroscopy and DFT calculations

Analysis of Drugs Illegally Added into Chinese Traditional Patent Medicine Using Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering

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