Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Nanogeometry:  The Plasmonic Origin of SERS

Lee, Seung Joon; Guan, Zhiqiang; Xu, and Hongxing; Moskovits, Martin

doi:10.1021/jp077422g

Cited by 251 publications

(239 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Although periodic nanostructures can also be obtained by other nanostructure fabrication techniques represented by photolithography, the ease of anodizing without any expensive equipment is very important for various nanotechnology researchers. Using characteristic nanostructural features, anodic porous aluminum oxide has been widely investigated for many nanoapplications: antireflection structures [134][135][136][137][138][139], reflectors [140][141][142], diodes [143][144][145], plasmonic devices [146][147][148][149], sensors [150][151][152], containers [153,154], catalyst supports [155][156][157], masks [158][159][160], emulsification filters [161,162], magnetic recording media [163][164][165], memory devices [166][167][168], photovoltaic devices [169], nanomeshes [170], etc. Greatly wide-ranging applications of anodic porous oxides have been reported to date.…”

Section: Various Nanoapplications Based On the Porous Aluminum Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Aluminum Oxide Formed by Anodizing in Various Electrolyte Species

Kikuchi¹,

Nakajima²,

Nishinaga³

et al. 2015

CNANO

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Anodizing of aluminum and its alloys is widely investigated and used for corrosion protection, electronic devices, and micro-/nanostructure fabrication. Anodizing of aluminum in acidic solutions causes formation of porous aluminum oxide films, which consists of numerous hexagonal cells perpendicular to the aluminum substrate, and each cell has nanoscale pores at its center. Recently, highly ordered porous aluminum oxide has been widely investigated for various novel nanoapplications. In this review article, we introduce the fundamentals of anodic oxide films including barrier and porous oxides. Then, we summarize the electrolyte species used so far for porous oxide fabrication and describe the self-ordering conditions during anodizing in these electrolyte solutions. Fabrication of highly ordered porous oxides through the vertical section can be achieved by a two-step anodizing and nanoimprint technique. Various nanoapplications based on the ordered porous oxide are also introduced.

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Section: Various Nanoapplications Based On the Porous Aluminum Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Aluminum Oxide Formed by Anodizing in Various Electrolyte Species

Kikuchi¹,

Nakajima²,

Nishinaga³

et al. 2015

CNANO

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the SERS depolarization ratio

et al. 2015

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According to the E 4 model, [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] in SERS the nanoantenna plays a twofold role: firstly it amplifies the local field (excitation-field enhancement) confining it to nanoscale regions (hot spots), and secondly it magnifies the Raman scattering (re-radiation enhancement). Molecules lying in the hot spots (located at the edges of individual nanoantennas or in the nanocavities between near-field coupled NPs [15,[25][26][27][28][29]) experience an amplified local field and an enhanced re-radiation whenever both the wavelengths of the laser pump (λ L ) and of the induced Raman dipole (λ R ) are close to the LSPR wavelength (λ LSPR ) [24]. It is well known that the enhanced local field is polarization sensitive. The only component of the incident field yielding the local field amplification is the one capable of exciting the LSPR of the antenna [30][31][32][33]. On the other hand, in near-field coupled nanoantennas the re-radiation effect yields a selective enhancement of the Raman dipole component parallel to the nanocavity axis at the single molecule level, linearizing the polarization of the Raman field [34][35][36][37][38].The re-radiation effect, therefore, causes a strong modification of the polarization of the SERS field, whose components will be altered with respect to what would have been measured in normal Raman spectroscopy in absence of the nanoantennas. In addition, such an alteration is dependent on the orientation of the antenna.A measurable quantity that will be strongly affected from such dependence is the depolarization ratio [39]. It is defined in Raman spectroscopy (for linear excitation polarization) as the ratio between the intensity of the Raman field polarized orthogonal to the laser field (I ⟘ ) and the intensity of the Raman field polarized parallel to the laser field (I � ). The depolarization ratio provides information on the Raman polarizability tensor (α) of the vibration considered and is therefore a very useful tool.It was recognized early on that in SERS the relationship between the depolarization ratio and the components of the Raman polarizability tensor was not straightforward [3]. One striking example is provided by Fazio and coworkers, [38] where the polarized SERS intensity is found to be at a maximum in the direction orthogonal to the excitation field, whereas in Raman spectroscopy Abstract: The Raman depolarization ratio is a quantity that can be easily measured experimentally and offers unique information on the Raman polarizability tensor of molecular vibrations. In Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), molecules are near-field coupled with optical nanoantennas and their scattering properties are strongly affected by the radiation patterns of the nanoantenna. The polarization of the SERS photons is consequently modified, affecting, in a non trivial way, the measured value of the SERS depolarization ratio. In this article we elaborate a model that describes how the SERS depolarization ratio is influenced by the nanoantenna re-radiation properties, sugg...

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“…The geometry− and size−dependent properties of nanoparticles [10][11][12][13][14][15] have potential applications in nanophotonics, biophotonics and biomedicine [16][17][18][19], near−field scanning optical mi− croscopy [20], sensing and spectroscopic measurements [21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, gold nano− spheres are used as enhancing surfaces and can provide enhancement up to 10 14 intensity magnitude [10][11][12][13]26]. These large enhancements are attributed to highly concen− trated electromagnetic fields associated with strong loca− lized surface plasmon (SP) resonances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dipole and quadrupole surface plasmon resonance contributions in formation of near-field images of a gold nanosphere

Shopa

Kolwas

Derkachova

et al. 2010

Opto-Electronics Review

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Multipolar plasmon optical excitations at spherical gold nanoparticles and their manifestations in the particle images formatted in the particle surface proximity are studied. The multipolar plasmon size characteristic: plasmon resonance frequencies and plasmon damping rates were obtained within rigorous size dependent modelling. The realistic, frequency dependent dielectric function of a metal was used. The distribution of light intensity and of electric field radial component at the flat square scanning plane scattered by a gold sphere of radius 95 nm was acquired. The images resulted from the spatial distribution of the full mean Poynting vector including near-field radial components of the scattered electromagnetic field. Monochromatic images at frequencies close to and equal to the plasmon dipole and quadrupole resonance frequencies are discussed. The changes in images and radial components of the scattered electromagnetic field distribution at the scanning plane moved away from the particle surface from near-field to far-field region are discussed.

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Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Nanogeometry: The Plasmonic Origin of SERS

Cited by 251 publications

References 30 publications

Porous Aluminum Oxide Formed by Anodizing in Various Electrolyte Species

Porous Aluminum Oxide Formed by Anodizing in Various Electrolyte Species

On the SERS depolarization ratio

Dipole and quadrupole surface plasmon resonance contributions in formation of near-field images of a gold nanosphere

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