Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering analysis of urine from deceased donors as a prognostic tool for kidney transplant outcome

Abstract

We report the utility of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) analysis of urine from deceased donors for prognosis of kidney transplant outcomes. Iodide-modified silver nanoparticles were used as the enabler for sensitive measurements of urine proteins. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were employed for the statistical analysis of the SERS data. Thirty urine samples in three classes were analysed. The ATN class consists of donors whose kidneys had acute tubular necrosis (ATN), the most common type of acute kidney injury (AKI) with high risk of poor graft performance in recipients, yet yielded acceptable transplant outcome. The DGF class is comprised of donors whose kidney had delayed graft function (DGF) in recipients. The control class includes donors whose kidneys did not have donor ATN or recipient DGF. We show a sensitivity of more than 90% in differentiating the ATN class from the DGF and control classes. Our methodology can thus help clinicians choose kidneys in the high-risk ATN category for transplant which would otherwise be discarded. Our research is impactful in that it could serve as a valuable guidance to expand the deceased donor pool to include those perceived as high-risk AKI type based on common urinary biomarkers.

Raman Spectroscopy for the Diagnosis of Intratubular Triamterene Crystallization

“…Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy has shown promise in prognosticating renal allograft outcome from the urine of deceased donors. 27 Using silver nanoparticles for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of deceased donor urine, Chi et al. 27 achieved a sensitivity of 91% for identifying donor kidneys with acute tubular necrosis but ultimately good allograft function, as compared with allografts that ultimately displayed delayed graft function.…”

“… 27 Using silver nanoparticles for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of deceased donor urine, Chi et al. 27 achieved a sensitivity of 91% for identifying donor kidneys with acute tubular necrosis but ultimately good allograft function, as compared with allografts that ultimately displayed delayed graft function. In addition, in a preliminary study of renal allograft recipients, silver nanoparticle-enhanced spectra obtained from urine samples collected 1 day after surgery identified allografts at risk for future dysfunction.…”

Chronic Kidney Diseases and Nanoparticle Therapeutics

“…Prolonged treatment of AgNPs also led to the activation of cell proliferative, survival and proinflammatory factors (Akt/mTOR, JNK/Stat and Erk/ NF-κB pathways and IL1β, MIP2, IFN-γ, TNF-α and RANTES) and dysfunction of normal apoptotic pathway [42]. Iodide-modified silver nanoparticles were used as the enabler for sensitive measurements of urine proteins [43]. These assist in identification of high-risk AKI type based on common urinary biomarkers [43].…”

“…Iodide-modified silver nanoparticles were used as the enabler for sensitive measurements of urine proteins [43]. These assist in identification of high-risk AKI type based on common urinary biomarkers [43]. AgNPs may have potential to adversely affect the kidney functions as well as capability to cause myriad of cellular damage [44].…”

Ex vivo detection of cadmium‐induced renal damage by using confocal Raman spectroscopy

“…In the kidney transplant recipients, Raman spectrum was used for hydroxyethyl starch detection at 3 months after transplantation . In addition, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering was reported that provided the subtle changes in urine of kidney donors, which showed high correlation with delayed graft function and acute tubular necrosis in kidney transplant recipients . The determination of creatinine, urea and glucose by Raman spectrum in urine was also used for renal impairment assessment in patients with diabetes and hypertension .…”