Surface Energy Balance Measurements around Ocean Weather Station-T during OMLET/WCRP

Tsukamoto, Osamu; Ishida, Hiroshi; Mitsuta, Yasushi

doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.73.1_13

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…During the winter case study at Heron Reef, daily ΔQ Swr was found to be negative, resulting in a net loss of energy and a cooling of the reef flat environment. This is similar to results reported from shallow sea studies [e.g., Tsukamoto et al , 1995]. Clearly, until ΔQ Swr can be quantified through direct measurement caution is needed when interpreting these results as they do not account for the affects of advection associated with tidal movement of water over our study site.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…During winter (July) a net diurnal loss of energy was found, compared to a significant gain measured during the spring (September) field campaign. Similar relative change in energy transfers between winter and spring were reported by Tsukamoto et al [1995] over the sea south of Japan where the mixed layer was taken to be 150 and 100 m deep. This suggests that significant change in the direction of energy exchanges under different seasons is not confined to shallow (2–3 m deep) coral reef settings, but includes extensive oceanic environments as reported by Tsukamoto et al [1995].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Similar relative change in energy transfers between winter and spring were reported by Tsukamoto et al [1995] over the sea south of Japan where the mixed layer was taken to be 150 and 100 m deep. This suggests that significant change in the direction of energy exchanges under different seasons is not confined to shallow (2–3 m deep) coral reef settings, but includes extensive oceanic environments as reported by Tsukamoto et al [1995]. Quantification of the role of water or mixed layer depth in the magnitude of seasonal energy gain or loss from marine environments is required for calculation of ocean and atmosphere heat budgets and associated dynamics.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Accordingly, it also includes advection of heat by currents over the reef flat and measurement errors. These limitations are acceptable where it is not possible to make direct measurement of ΔQ Swr [see Tsukamoto et al , 1995; Kurasawa et al , 1983; Kondo and Miura , 1985].…”

Section: Instrumentation and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurements of the local energy balance over a coral reef flat, Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia

et al. 2010

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[1] Coral reefs are thought to face significant threat from global warming due to increased water temperatures and ocean acidity. However, research into the surface energy balance of coral reefs and their associated micrometeorology is rare. Here we present, through a case study approach, the first direct in situ measurements of the surface energy balance of Heron Reef, a small platform coral reef in the southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Surface energy exchanges were measured using the eddy covariance method and show that during winter and spring an estimated 80-98% of net radiation goes into heating of the water overlaying the reef and reef substrate. As a result, cloud cover is considered the dominant control on heating of the reef flat environment. Change in cloud cover may therefore significantly affect the thermal environment of coral reefs and their ecology. Sensible and latent heat fluxes reached their highest values during wintertime advection of dry and cool continental air blowing from mainland Australia. This resulted in a net loss of energy from the reef flat and a decreasing trend in water temperature. Turbulent fluxes otherwise remained small, with sensible heat flux often close to zero. Results indicate that coral reefs may act as heat sinks during winter and as heat sources during spring, thereby affecting local water and atmosphere heat budgets and associated thermodynamics.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Instrumentation and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurements of the local energy balance over a coral reef flat, Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia

et al. 2010

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“…Despite the association between climate change and coral reef health being made by many researchers, a paucity of data exists relating to the key reef‐atmosphere energy exchanges that take place during a bleaching event. Previous studies of energy exchanges over tropical oceans have focused on the development of bulk formulas for estimating air‐sea energy fluxes [ Fairall et al , 1996; Tanaka et al , 2008; Tsukamoto et al , 1995], rather than the link to water temperature and coral bleaching. As stated by Weller et al [2008, p. 3854], “there is a need to examine the heat budget of the water mass [of coral reefs]” in order to understand the processes that underpin coral reef climates and by association coral bleaching events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air‐sea energy exchanges measured by eddy covariance during a localised coral bleaching event, Heron Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia

MacKellar

McGowan

2010

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] Despite the widely claimed association between climate change and coral bleaching, a paucity of data exists relating to exchanges of heat, moisture and momentum between the atmosphere and the reef-water surface. We present in situ measurements of reef-water-air energy exchanges made using the eddy covariance method during a summer coral bleaching event at Heron Reef, Australia. Under settled, cloud-free conditions and light winds, daily net radiation exceeded 800 W m −2 , with up to 95% of the net radiation during the morning partitioned into heating the water column, substrate and benthic cover including corals. Heating was exacerbated by a mid-afternoon low tide when shallow reef flat water reached 34°C and near-bottom temperatures 33°C, exceeding the thermal tolerance of corals, causing bleaching. Results suggest that local to synoptic scale meteorology, particularly clear skies, solar heating, light winds and the timing of low tide were the primary controls on coral bleaching. Citation: MacKellar, M. C., and H. A. McGowan (2010), Air-sea energy exchanges measured by eddy covariance during a localised coral bleaching event,

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An observational heat budget analysis of a coral reef, Heron Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia

2013

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[1] Measurements of the surface energy balance, the structure and evolution of the convective atmospheric reef layer (CARL), and local meteorology and hydrodynamics were made during June 2009 and February 2010 at Heron Reef, Australia, to establish the relative partitioning of heating within the water and atmosphere. Horizontal advection was shown to moderate temperature in the CARL and the water, having a cooling influence on the atmosphere, and providing an additional source or sink of energy to the water overlying the reef, depending on tide. The key driver of atmospheric heating was surface sensible heat flux, while heating of the reef water was primarily due to solar radiation, and thermal conduction and convection from the reef substrate. Heating and cooling processes were more defined during winter due to higher sensible and latent heat fluxes and strong diurnal evolution of the CARL. Sudden increases in water temperature were associated with inundation of warmer oceanic water during the flood tide, particularly in winter due to enhanced nocturnal cooling of water overlying the reef. Similarly, cooling of the water over the reef occurred during the ebb tide as heat was transported off the reef to the surrounding ocean. While these results are the first to shed light on the heat budget of a coral reef and overlying CARL, longer-term, systematic measurements of reef thermal budgets are needed under a range of meteorological and hydrodynamic conditions, and across various reef types to elucidate the influence on larger-scale oceanic and atmospheric processes. This is essential for understanding the role of coral reefs in tropical and sub-tropical meteorology; the physical processes that take place during coral bleaching events, and coral and algal community dynamics on coral reefs.

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Surface Energy Balance Measurements around Ocean Weather Station-T during OMLET/WCRP

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Measurements of the local energy balance over a coral reef flat, Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Measurements of the local energy balance over a coral reef flat, Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Air‐sea energy exchanges measured by eddy covariance during a localised coral bleaching event, Heron Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia

An observational heat budget analysis of a coral reef, Heron Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia

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