Surface Energy and Radiation Balance Systems: General Description and Improvements

Fritschen, Leo J.; Simpson, James

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1989)028<0680:searbs>2.0.co;2

Cited by 91 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In the present study, an energy balance Bowen ratio system of the type described by Fritschen and Simpson (1989) measured the surface energy balance and the temperature and water vapor content differences between points that were nearly collocated with the inlets of the VOC sampling tubes. Water vapor content was chosen as the reference scalar quantity, and the water vapor flux was derived from the latent heat flux found by the energy balance computations.…”

Section: Sampling and Analytical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of hydrocarbon air–surface exchange rates over maize

Das

Kang

Aneja

et al. 2003

Atmospheric Environment

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Vertical gradients of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured over a maize (Zea mays) field, in its early growth period, during May 1995, in the Lower Coastal Plains of North Carolina. These measurements were combined with micrometeorological flux measurements to determine emission flux measurements for various VOCs. This measurement program was part of project NOVA (Natural emissions of Oxidant precursors: Validation of techniques and Assessment) to estimate the flux of VOCs. Average emissions of VOCs (and standard error) was estimated to be 49007700 mg/m 2 /h out of which emission for methanol averaged (34507420) mg/m 2 /h. A methanol emission rate of 35 mg/g/h was calculated for maize from the estimated emission of methanol and biomass density for the site. r

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Section: Sampling and Analytical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of hydrocarbon air–surface exchange rates over maize

Das

Kang

Aneja

et al. 2003

Atmospheric Environment

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“…Fluxes estimated from surface-layer measurements are representative of an entire forest stand (hundreds of m upwind). Daytime estimates of eddy diffusivity were calculated using the Bowen ratio, energy-balance technique (Fritschen and Simpson 1989). Nighttime estimates of K were computed using similarity theory (Kaimal and Finnigan 1994).…”

Section: Field Site Descriptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf, branch, stand and landscape scale measurements of volatile organic compound fluxes from U.S. woodlands

et al. 1996

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Summary Natural volatile organic compound (VOC) fluxes were measured in three U.S. woodlands in summer 1993. Fluxes from individual leaves and branches were estimated with enclosure techniques and used to initialize and evaluate VOC emission model estimates. Ambient measurements were used to estimate above canopy fluxes for entire stands and landscapes.The branch enclosure experiments revealed 78 VOCs. Hexenol derivatives were the most commonly observed oxygenated compounds. The branch measurements also revealed high rates of isoprene emission from three genera of plants (Albizia, Chusqua and Mahonia) and high rates of monoterpene emission from three genera (Atriplex, Chrysthamnus and Sorbus) for which VOC emission rates have not been reported. Measurements on an additional 34 species confirmed previous results. Leaf enclosure measurements of isoprene emission rates from Quercus were substantially higher than the rates used in existing emission models.Model predictions of diurnal variations in isoprene fluxes were generally within ± 35% of observed flux variations. Measurements with a fast response analyzer demonstrated that 60 min is a reasonable time resolution for biogenic emission models. Average daytime stand scale (hundreds of m) flux measurements ranged from about 1.3 mg C m −2 h −1 for a shrub oak stand to 1.5--2.5 mg C m −2 h −1 for a mixed forest stand. Morning, evening and nighttime fluxes were less than 0.1 mg C m −2 h −1 . Average daytime landscape scale (tens of km) flux measurements ranged from about 3 mg C m −2 h −1 for a shrub oak--aspen and rangeland landscape to about 7 mg C m −2 h −1 for a deciduous forest landscape. Fluxes predicted by recent versions (BEIS2, BEIS2.1) of a biogenic emission model were within 10 to 50% of observed fluxes and about 300% higher than those predicted by a previous version of the model (BEIS).

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“…This methodology was used for the first time by Bowen to determine the fluxes over free water surfaces in 1926 (Bowen, 1926). Using the BREB Method, latent heat flux of evaporation over a surface can be quantified by considering measurements of temperature and humidity gradients, net radiation and soil heat flux (Fritschen and Simpson, 1989). This is an indirect method used for the measurement of evapotranspiration.…”

Section: Bowen Ratio Energy Balance (Breb) and Eddy Covariance (Ec) Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Micrometeorological Methods used for the Determination of Actual Evapotranspiration

Şaylan¹,

Özkoca²,

Çaldağ³

et al. 2018

International Journal of Crop Science and Technology

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Comparison of Micrometeorological Methods used for the Determination of Actual Evapotranspiration Levent ŞAYLAN1, Yunus Özkoca2*, Barış Çaldağ1, Fatih Bakanoğulları3 1Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Meteorological Engineering, İstanbul *Antalya Provincial Disaster and Emergency Directorate, Antalya 3Atatürk Soil Water and Agricultural Meteorology Research Institute, Kırklareli * * Corresponding Author: yunus.ozkoca@afad.gov.tr Abstract: Among upmost important effects of climatic variability and change are the related variations in type, amount and timing of precipitation at global or regional scales. This aspect causes different effects from the agricultural point of view. Among these effects the drought phenomenon comes to the forefront. Efforts on eliminating the agricultural drought problem are mainly made by irrigation. That’s why the upmost important portion of available water is consumed by agricultural irrigation, globally. Concordantly, the evapotranspiration plays a crucial role on determination of the irrigation water requirement for agriculture and planning the related systems. Usage of the methods on direct measurement of actual evapotranspiration by global means, however; is quite scarce. In this study, the Bowen Ratio Energy Balance and micrometeorological Eddy Covariance Methods, which are widely in use for the measurement of actual evapotranspiration, have been used within the 2009-2010 wheat growing season in Kırklareli. In conclusion, a comparative evaluation of these approaches was done for the advantages and disadvantages by means of their determination abilities of actual evapotranspiration. Key words: Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, Bowen Ratio, Energy Balance, Eddy Covariance

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Surface Energy and Radiation Balance Systems: General Description and Improvements

Cited by 91 publications

References 4 publications

Measurements of hydrocarbon air–surface exchange rates over maize

Measurements of hydrocarbon air–surface exchange rates over maize

Leaf, branch, stand and landscape scale measurements of volatile organic compound fluxes from U.S. woodlands

Comparison of Micrometeorological Methods used for the Determination of Actual Evapotranspiration

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