Surface-emitting distributed-feedback dye laser of a polymeric multilayer fabricated by spin coating

Komikado, Toshiyuki; Yoshida, Shuhei; Umegaki, Shinsuke

doi:10.1063/1.2336740

Cited by 83 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…One kind of the PC-based lasers can occur without external feedback, which the standing wave solution of the Bloch waves at the band edge can be regarded as the feedback source. Such kind of laser has been investigated extensively [127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134]. However, all previous works focus on the PC with high refractive index material.…”

Section: Microlaser Realized By Low Refractive Index Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, there has been a great deal of interests in studying different types of lasers made by the PC [124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134]. One kind of the PC-based lasers can occur without external feedback, which the standing wave solution of the Bloch waves at the band edge can be regarded as the feedback source.…”

Section: Microlaser Realized By Low Refractive Index Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photonic crystals and microlasers fabricated with low refractive index material

2010

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Although the investigation on photonic band gap materials has been done more than two decades, it is still a big challenge to fabricate three-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) possessing wide band gaps in visible range. In this article, we have reviewed recent progresses on fabricating the PC with low refractive index material in visible range. In contrast to the material with large refractive index, it is cheap to use low refractive index material in fabricating the PC and will be greatly beneficial for future industrial productions. The holographic method to fabricate such a PC has been introduced, applying it to the design of the microlaser has also been discussed.

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Section: Microlaser Realized By Low Refractive Index Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Microlaser Realized By Low Refractive Index Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photonic crystals and microlasers fabricated with low refractive index material

2010

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“…8,9 Recently, studies on band-edge and defect-mode lasing in dye-doped liquid crystals have attracted interest. 10 In these previous studies, equally spaced layers were employed in the systems.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 Since then, lasing from dye-doped polymeric multilayers using distributed feedback and defect modes has been observed. 8,9 Recently, studies on band-edge and defect-mode lasing in dye-doped liquid crystals have attracted interest. 10 In these previous studies, equally spaced layers were employed in the systems.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Lasing from dye-doped photonic crystals with graded layers in dichromate gelatin emulsions

Kok

Lee

et al. 2008

Applied Physics Letters

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We report on optically pumped lasing from dye-doped, graded-spacing layer structures of dichromate gelatin emulsions fabricated using two-beam holographic interference. The graded layers exhibited deep and wide photonic band gaps. Multimode lasing with both a low threshold and a high quality factor was observed at the band edge of the photonic band gap. We modeled the emissions from the dye-doped graded layer system using a finite difference time domain technique and achieved good agreement with experimental results. © 2008 American Institute of Physics. ͓DOI: 10.1063/1.2907488͔ Photonic crystals exhibiting band gaps in which electromagnetic wave propagation is not possible have attracted much interest due to the potential that they can manipulate photons in optical microdevices.1 Among the many unique properties of photonic crystals, the control of the photonic density of states has a direct effect on the spontaneous emission of photons, which is an important capability in optoelectronics devices such as lasers, 2 light emitting diodes, 3 microwaveguides, 4 and many other promising photonic devices.5 It has been proposed that the enhancement of the spontaneous emissions in one-dimensional ͑1D͒ photonic crystals doped with gain materials is possible because of the localization at the band gaps and the high density of states at the band edges. 6 The realization of this enhancement was first demonstrated in GaAs light-emitting diodes sandwiched between stacks of 1D Bragg reflectors.7 Since then, lasing from dye-doped polymeric multilayers using distributed feedback and defect modes has been observed. 8,9 Recently, studies on band-edge and defect-mode lasing in dye-doped liquid crystals have attracted interest. 10 In these previous studies, equally spaced layers were employed in the systems. Lasing from 1D layers with gradually changing spacings ͑graded layers͒ is expected to be possible as well.One-dimensional stacks have been fabricated using a time-consuming layer-by-layer spin-coating method.7-9 Holographic lithography that employs the interference of multiple coherent beams is more efficient and has been used to fabricate two-dimensional as well as three-dimensional microstructures in photoresists.11 Furthermore, high-resolution holographic gelatin emulsions can be used to record the interference patterns.12,13 One advantage to using holographic gelatin emulsions is that the structure resulting from the interference is self-supporting inside the gelatin. It was further demonstrated that, with a volume hologram made from dichromate gelatin ͑DCG͒, highly efficient and wide-bandgap 1D layer structures could be achieved.14 The wide-bandgap results from the graded spacing of the 1D layers obtained by the differential swelling of the gelatin during the development process.14 Here, we show that lasing from dyedoped 1D graded layers in DCG holographic emulsions fabricated using two-beam interference is possible. Multimode lasing with both a low threshold and a high quality factor was observed at the band edge of the p...

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Photocrosslinkable Nanocomposite Multilayers for Responsive 1D Photonic Crystals

Jeon

Chiappelli

Hayward

2015

Adv Funct Materials

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722 wileyonlinelibrary.com of polymer fi lms, [ 2e,f , 2h , 6 ] this represents a substantial limitation, since many processing steps are therefore required to obtain high refl ectance effi ciencies.Signifi cant progress has been made toward increasing the refractive index of polymers, including by incorporation of pi-conjugated electronic systems, [ 7 ] sulfur, [ 8 ] halogen atoms, [ 9 ] or phosphorous. [ 10 ] These approaches have led to refractive indices as high as 1.7-1.8, but typically suffer from issues of limited polymer solubility, absorption of visible light, and challenging syntheses. As an alternative approach, polymer-inorganic hybrid materials incorporating high index nanoparticles such as TiO 2 , [ 11 ] ZrO 2 , [ 2h , 12 ] ZnS, [ 13 ] and ZnO [ 14 ] have yielded refractive indices as high as 1.8-2.0 and good optical clarity. (Incorporation of air voids to lower refractive index is another possibility to increase contrast, [ 15 ] although of less utility for hydrogel-based responsive materials due to the tendency for the voids to be fi lled by water.) While TiO 2 is an attractive choice for the inorganic component due to its high refractive index, its use in polymer composites is potentially complicated by its ability to photochemically degrade organic materials under UV irradiation, especially in aqueous environments. [ 16 ] On the other hand, ZrO 2 nanoparticles have reasonably high refractive index, are nearly transparent from the UV to the infrared, and are chemically inert, [ 17 ] making them well suited for incorporation in responsive polymer-based photonic multilayers. However, while embedding inorganic particles within responsive polymer matrices is a common route to obtain 3D photonic materials with robust and tunable structural color, [ 15a ] the study of polymer/inorganic hybrids for fabrication of 1D responsive photonic materials remains in its early stages. [ 2h , 18 ] In particular, the incorporation of high-index inorganic nanoparticles within solvent-swellable polymer multilayers remains largely unexplored.In the current report, we extend the approach recently described by our group for preparing thermochromic photonic multilayers from benzophenone-containing photocrosslinkable polymers, [ 2e ] by incorporating ZrO 2 nanoparticles within the polymer layers. We show that particles can be incorporated up to volume fractions of nearly 0.5 in both hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymer layers, simply by spin coating from mixed solutions and UV crosslinking. The presence of nanoparticles substantially increases the refractive indices of the nanocomposite layers, and therefore the effi ciency of light Photocrosslinkable Nanocomposite Multilayers for Responsive 1D Photonic CrystalsSeog-Jin Jeon , Maria C. Chiappelli , and Ryan C. Hayward * A straightforward method to increase the refractive index of photocrosslinkable polymers by incorporation of high index inorganic nanoparticles is demonstrated and shown to enhance the refl ection effi ciency of thermochromic 1D photonic multilaye...

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Surface-emitting distributed-feedback dye laser of a polymeric multilayer fabricated by spin coating

Cited by 83 publications

References 11 publications

Photonic crystals and microlasers fabricated with low refractive index material

Photonic crystals and microlasers fabricated with low refractive index material

Lasing from dye-doped photonic crystals with graded layers in dichromate gelatin emulsions

Photocrosslinkable Nanocomposite Multilayers for Responsive 1D Photonic Crystals

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