Surface Deformation Monitoring and Risk Mapping in the Surroundings of the Solotvyno Salt Mine (Ukraine) between 1992 and 2021

Abstract

The historical Ukrainian rock-salt mining town of Solotvyno and its environmentally related problems are well-known. A complex monitoring system is needed to evaluate the current situation in order to revitalize the investigated area. In addition to other risks, surface deformation due to undermining is one of the major risks endangering building infrastructure in the inhabited area of the town. These processes are well-known in the area, and damages caused by the surface movement are often recognized. Measurement of the process’s intensity and identification of the impacted area are crucial for any revitalization work. Information on these processes is the most important element of the hazard management and spatial-developmental planning of the town. This study aimed to characterize the long-term surface deformation processes and to identify the spatial and temporal trends and changes of these processes to assist spatial planning. The first step was to understand the surface deformation history from 1992. An InSAR-based assessment of the surface displacement of the undermined Solotvyno area was performed using data from three satellites, namely the ERS, Envisat, and the Sentinel-1, covering the time period between 1992 and 2021. The derived quantitative analysis indicated an intensive surface displacement and subsidence over the mining area. However, these displacements have not been even in the last 30 years of the investigation. The identification of the stabilized areas and recently started movements indicated the dislocation of the processes, which requires adequate actions for geohazard management and strategic planning. The demonstrated technology (InSAR) has the potential to set up an appropriate alarm system and provides an automated mechanism for continuous risk detection. A complex systems development is able to significantly reduce the geohazards over the unstable built-up zones.

Review on the Use of Satellite-Based Radar Interferometry for Monitoring Mining Subsidence in Urban Areas and Demographic Indicators Assessment

“…Another city affected by salt mining exploitation is Solotvyno, Ukraine, where the permanent instabilities evidenced by InSAR monitoring are confirmed by building damages [13].…”

“…Unlike the previous methods, for PSI the atmospheric phase contributions are removed, all available radar data can be used regardless the geometrical baseline, good phase coherence can be achieved using the available data [42], and accuracies of millimetric level are obtained [18]. PSI technique was used for mining subsidence monitoring in [13,14,16,25,26,33,39,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52].…”

“…The SBAS concentrates on distributed scatterers, as they are more sensible to temporal and volume decorrelation than PSs [23]. SBAS technique was used for mining subsidence monitoring in [12][13][14]20,28,54].…”

“…iron mining in Rancourt, Lorraine, France [43], coal mining in Witbank Coalfields, South Africa [32], Athens Basin [51], South Limburg, Netherlands [50],  closed mines in the 1990s (e.g.Inowroclaw, Poland [47], South Derbyshire and Leicestershire, UK [62], Nord/Pas-e-Calais, France [25], Ocnele Mari, Romania [35], Campine Coal Basin, Belgium [16]),  closed mines after 2000 (e.g. salt mine in Poland [11][12][13]),  active mining sites (e.g. coal mine in Gardanne France [24], Rydultowy, Poland [28], Legnica Glogow Cooper Belt, Poland [46], New South Wales Australia coal mine [29,30], El Teniente, Chile [39,44], China [20,37,38,49])  mining sites with historical and active mines (e.g.…”

“…Characteristics such as country, type of mining exploitation, status of the mining area when the SAR monitoring was performed, SAR monitoring technique, deformation rate, SAR monitoring period, SAR data used for mining subsidence monitoring, the alternative monitoring methods complementary used to InSAR methods. Considering the consulted scientific literature on this topic and the wide spread of different types of mining worldwide, it can be stated that in many cases the most challenging areas were chosen to be monitored, considering the accidents [10] or the complexity of the studied areas [11][12][13]. Long-term SAR monitoring analyses are also of interest, considering the open SAR data available since 1992 [14].…”