Surface core level shifts in liquid metals and alloys

Electronic structure of liquid tungsten studied by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy

“…Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is the most powerful technique in order to study the valence and core electron structure of metals. The application to liquid elemental metals, however, is limited to some twenty elements of the periodic table [1][2][3][4]. Unfortunately, all transition metals (with the exception of Au) cannot be studied with conventional, steadystate PES.…”