Surface contamination with antineoplastic agents in six cancer treatment centers in Canada and the United States

Dermal exposure to cyclophosphamide in hospitals during preparation, nursing and cleaning activities

“…Glove contamination levels found during preparation of CP in this study were on average 8-25 times lower than those found in earlier studies where similar amounts of CP were prepared (Sessink et al 1994b(Sessink et al , 1997Minoia et al 1998), suggesting that better awareness of pharmacy technicians working with anti-neoplastic agents has reduced potential exposure levels. This is supported by the strong (25-6,000 times) reduction in contamination of safety cabinets found during preparation in comparison with earlier studies (McDevitt et al 1993;Minoia et al 1998;Connor et al 1999).…”

Environmental and biological monitoring of antineoplastic drugs in four workplaces in a Swedish hospital

“…One commonly used method to assess surface contamination of antineoplastic drugs is wipe sampling (Sessink et al 1992a;Minoia et al 1998;Connor et al 1999a;Mason et al 2001;KiVmeyer et al 2002;Schmaus et al 2002;Hedmer et al 2004). By performing wipe sampling it is possible to estimate the transferable surface load of antineoplastic drugs to the skin and thereby it is possible to evaluate the potential dermal exposure.…”

“…By performing wipe sampling it is possible to estimate the transferable surface load of antineoplastic drugs to the skin and thereby it is possible to evaluate the potential dermal exposure. Previous studies investigated surface contamination of antineoplastic drugs at one time only (Sessink et al 1992a, b;McDevitt et al 1993;Minoia et al 1998;Connor et al 1999a;Floridia et al 1999;Rubino et al 1999;KiVmeyer et al 2002;Schmaus et al 2002;Ziegler et al 2002;Wick et al 2003;Turci et al 2003;CrausteManciet et al 2005;Fransman et al 2005;Schulz et al 2005). However, no information on how the contamination levels on the sampled surfaces varied over time was obtained with the study design used in those studies.…”

Validation of urinary excretion of cyclophosphamide as a biomarker of exposure by studying its renal clearance at high and low plasma concentrations in cancer patients

“…Health care workers handling this drug can be occupationally exposed and CP has been detected as a surface contaminant in workplaces where antineoplastic drugs are used (Sessink et al 1992a;McDevitt et al 1993;Minoia et al 1998;Connor et al 1999;Schmaus et al 2002;Wick et al 2003;Hedmer et al 2005). Amounts of CP have been detected in urine (Hirst et al 1984;Evelo et al 1986;Sessink et al 1992bSessink et al , 1994Ensslin et al 1994;Minoia et al 1998;Turci et al 2002;Pethran et al 2003;Wick et al 2003), indicating that these workers are occupationally exposed to CP.…”