Surface antigens of Xenorhabdus nematophila (F. Enterobacteriaceae) and Bacillus subtilis (F. Bacillaceae) react with antibacterial factors of Malacosoma disstria (C. Insecta: O. Lepidoptera) hemolymph

Immunosuppression induced by entomopathogens is rescued by addition of apolipophorin III in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella

“…ApoLpIII is able to bind to LPS, lipoteichoic acid, and b-1,3-glucan (Halwani et al, 2000;Whitten et al, 2004;Pratt and Weers, 2004). Especially, ApoLpIII can bind to lipid A of the LPS released from an entomopathogenic bacterium, X. nematophila (Giannoulis et al, 2008). Thus the conformational change of ApoLpIII against the injected bacteria may directly activate granular cells to initiate nodule formation.…”

Cell lines, Md108 and Md66, from the hemocytes of Malacosoma disstria (Lepidoptera) display aspects of plasma-free innate non-self activities

“…The lines were from the same geographical source as larvae used in previous innate cellular non-self publications (Giannoulis et al, 2005(Giannoulis et al, , 2007(Giannoulis et al, , 2008Gulii et al, 2009). Md108 and Md66 were used because their cell composition differs and Md108, unlike Md66, grows attached to flasks (Arnold and Sohi, 1974).…”

“…For experimental purposes cell lines were grown at their optimal temperature, 28°C and characterized by exoenzyme production at 50% confluency (Giannoulis et al, 2008) ensuring culture quality. Unless stated otherwise both cell lines were used at 50% confluency in all experiments.…”

“…Studies of the immune system of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria, a Northern American deciduous tree pest (Furniss and Carolin, 1977), are limited to in vitro and in vivo responses of hemocytic granular cells and ameboid and stellate plasmatocytes to glass and micro-organisms and their surface molecules predominantly in the presence of insect plasma Giannoulis et al, 2005Giannoulis et al, , 2007Giannoulis et al, , 2008Gulii et al, 2009;Stoltz and Guzo, 1986). Plasma factors participate in lepidopteran cell-free immunity (Rahmanet et al, 2006) altering M. disstria larval adhesive cellular hemocyte responses (Giannoulis et al, 2005(Giannoulis et al, , 2008Gulii et al, 2009).…”

“…Plasma factors participate in lepidopteran cell-free immunity (Rahmanet et al, 2006) altering M. disstria larval adhesive cellular hemocyte responses (Giannoulis et al, 2005(Giannoulis et al, , 2008Gulii et al, 2009). Although lepidopteran hemocytes have plasmaindependent immunogen recognition receptors including peptidoglycan recognition protein LC (Kurata, 2004), scavenger-like receptors (Costa et al, 2005) and lipoteichoic acid-lipopolysaccharide receptors (Ohta et al, 2006), plasma-free cellular immunity is rarely 0022-2011/$ -see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.…”