Surface anatomy and anatomical planes in the adult turkish population

Abstract

Surface anatomy and anatomical planes are widely used in education and clinical practice. The planes are largely derived from cadaveric studies and their projections on the skin show discrepancies between and within anatomical reference textbooks. In this study, we reassessed the accuracy of common thoracic and abdominopelvic anatomical planes using computed tomography (CT) imaging in the live adult Turkish population. After patients with distorting pathologies had been excluded, CT images of 150 supine patients at the end tidal inspiration were analyzed. Sternal angle, transpyloric, subcostal, supracristal and pubic crest planes and their relationships to anatomical structures were established by dual consensus. The tracheal bifurcation, azygos vein/superior vena cava (SVC) junction and pulmonary bifurcation were usually below the sternal angle while the concavity of the aortic arch was generally within the plane. The tip of the tenth rib, the superior mesenteric artery and the portal vein were usually within the transpyloric plane while the renal hila and the fundus of the gallbladder were below it. The inferior mesenteric artery was below the subcostal plane and the aortic bifurcation was below the supracristal plane in most adults. Projectional surface anatomy is fundamental to medical education and clinical practice. Modern cross-sectional imaging techniques allow large groups of live patients to be examined. Classic textbook information regarding anatomy needs to be reviewed and updated using the data gathered from these recent studies, taking ethnic differences into consideration.

Morphological approach of the sternal foramen: an anatomic study and a short review of the literature

“…The xiphoid process constitutes the most distal and short part of the sternum, featuring great amplitude of variations. It is articulated superiorly with body of sternum (sternoxiphoidal joint) and laterally with the inferior portion of 7 th costal cartilage [11,27,29].…”

Apprasial of the surface anatomy of the Thorax in an adolescent population

“…The previously mentioned studies looking at pediatric surface anatomy focused mainly on ages 0–12, whereas adult population studies focused only on individuals over 18 years of age (Chukwuemeka et al ; Mirjalili et al , , ; Pak et al ; Shen et al ; Uzun et al ; Keough et al ). Based on the groups (pediatric and adult), the age range between 12 and 18 years (the adolescent age group) has not been evaluated or compared previously.…”

A reappraisal of pediatric thoracic surface anatomy

“…The accuracy of surface anatomy was therefore called into question by Hale and his colleagues (2010) and it was recognized that an evidence‐basis for surface anatomy was required (Mirjalili and Stringer, ). An evidence‐basis for surface anatomy in adults and pediatrics has subsequently been developed (Mirjalili et al ; Uzun et al ; Koch et al ; Pak et al ; Shen et al ) using in‐vivo Computed Tomography (CT) scans.…”