Surface analysis of metal alloys exposed to geothermal fluids with high non-condensable gas content

Nogara, James; Zarrouk, Sadiq J.; Seastres, Jun

doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2017.12.012

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The pH of the fluid is an important factor for determining the lifetime of components and 316L is, for example, not recommended to be used at a pH lower than 3.2 [28] where superaustenitic steels, such as 254SMO, can be a good option [29]. For geothermal applications, stainless steels and Ni-alloys are recommended to have a minimum of 3% Mo [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Corrosion Resistance Properties of Heat Exchanger Metals in Two Different Geothermal Environments

Davíđsdóttir¹,

Gunnarsson²,

Kristjánsson³

et al. 2021

Geosciences

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Geothermal fluids harnessed for electricity production are generally corrosive because of their interaction with the underground. To ensure the longevity and sustainability of geothermal Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) powerplants, the choice of heat exchanger material is essential. The performance of heat exchangers is affected by corrosion and scaling due to the geothermal fluids, causing regular cleaning, part replacement, and in the worst cases, extensive repair work. The properties of geothermal fluids vary between geothermal settings and even within geothermal sites. Differences in exposure conditions require different material selection considerations, where factors such as cost, and material efficiency are important to consider. This work studies in-situ geothermal exposure testing of four metals at two geothermal locations, in different geological settings. Four corrosion-resistant materials were exposed for one month at Reykjanes powerplant in Iceland and four months at Chaunoy oil field in France as material candidates for heat exchangers. The tested alloys were analysed for corrosion with macro- and microscopic techniques using optical and electron microscopes, which give an indication of the different frequencies of repairs and replacement. Inconel 625 showed no effects at Reykjanes and cracks at Chaunoy. The others (316L, 254SMO, and titanium grade 2) showed either corrosion or erosion traces at both sites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Corrosion Resistance Properties of Heat Exchanger Metals in Two Different Geothermal Environments

Davíđsdóttir¹,

Gunnarsson²,

Kristjánsson³

et al. 2021

Geosciences

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show abstract

“…Currently, little reference material exists involving these effects for the enhanced geothermal system. In order to accurately predict flow rates and temperatures in production wells, Nogara et al (2018) conducted an investigation exposing nine types of carbon steels and corrosion resistant alloys to high enthalpy geothermal fluid with high levels of non-condensable gas content. The results showed that carbon steel sustained relatively high corrosion rates (> 0.15 mm/y) (Nogara et al, 2018), this result thus confirming that the high non-condensable gas content affects the heat transfer efficiency between geothermal fluid and the evaporator in the ORC system.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to accurately predict flow rates and temperatures in production wells, Nogara et al (2018) conducted an investigation exposing nine types of carbon steels and corrosion resistant alloys to high enthalpy geothermal fluid with high levels of non-condensable gas content. The results showed that carbon steel sustained relatively high corrosion rates (> 0.15 mm/y) (Nogara et al, 2018), this result thus confirming that the high non-condensable gas content affects the heat transfer efficiency between geothermal fluid and the evaporator in the ORC system. To address this point, Manente et al (2019) designed a high enthalpy liquid-dominated reservoir, with the single flash steam generation unit being replaced by an aircooled binary cycle unit.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Coupled Effects of Dryness and Non‐condensable Gas Content of Geothermal Fluid on the Power Generation Potential of an Enhanced Geothermal System

Jia

et al. 2021

Acta Geologica Sinica (Eng)

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The geothermal energy has developed rapidly, due to its inherent advantages of stability, renewability and its huge reserves (Deng et al., 2019). The applications of geothermal energy include space heating and cooling, greenhouse heating, aquaculture, bathing, thermal city networks and industrial uses (Chong et al., 2021). According to the depth of the geothermal energy, high temperature (> 160°C) and medium temperature (90-160°C) can be employed for power generation, while low temperature (< 90°C) is usually used by heat pumps for district heating. Hot dry rock (HDR) is a form of granite with a high temperature underground. In order to utilize the geothermal energy of HDR, an enhanced geothermal system (EGS) has been developed to extract thermal energy. Based on the forecast power generation capacity, the estimated potential electricity generated by HDR ranges between 117.5 EJ/year (down to 3 km depth) and 1108.6 EJ/year (down to 10 km depth) (Ambriz-Dí az et al., 2021). In China, the conventional hydro-geothermal resources are equivalent to 1.25 trillion tons of standard coal, with the annually exploitable resources being equivalent to 1.9 billion tons of standard coal. The distribution of geothermal resources (China basemap after the China National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Geographical Information) is shown in Fig. 1 .From the perspective of indicating how EGS has developed globally, in 2010 there were 10715 MW of power generated in 24 countries, with the expectation that it would expected to provide 67246 GWh electricity. The United States has had the highest rate of geothermal electricity production

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Geothermal Well Test Analysis

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Surface analysis of metal alloys exposed to geothermal fluids with high non-condensable gas content

Cited by 6 publications

References 28 publications

Study of Corrosion Resistance Properties of Heat Exchanger Metals in Two Different Geothermal Environments

Study of Corrosion Resistance Properties of Heat Exchanger Metals in Two Different Geothermal Environments

The Coupled Effects of Dryness and Non‐condensable Gas Content of Geothermal Fluid on the Power Generation Potential of an Enhanced Geothermal System

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