Surface Alloying in Silver-Cobalt through a Second Wave Solution Combustion Synthesis Technique

Abstract

Herein, we report the synthesis of silver-cobalt nanopowders using three different modes of solution combustion synthesis, and we present the effects of the synthesis conditions on particle morphology. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Visible spectrophotometer (UV-vis), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) to understand the structural and elemental properties. When Co is synthesized over Ag in a second wave of combustion, peak shifts observed in XRD and XPS show a change in the cell parameters and prove the existence of a strong electronic interaction between Ag and Co. Better control of mixing and alloying through the second wave combustion synthesis mode (SWCS) was evident. The sequence of combustion affects the structure and composition of the material. SWCS reduces the amount of carbon content, as compared to single-stage combustion, and the combustion of carbon is followed by a rearrangement of atoms.

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“…The significant binding energy shift in that catalyst may be due to the strong intrinsic synergistic effect between cobalt and silver because of alloy formation, which is also confirmed by the Co–Ag alloy peak in PXRD results. In the 5–15 catalyst, the spin–orbit component peaks at 368.2 and 374.2 eV, which are separated by 6 eV, are assigned to metallic silver, where a comparatively higher binding shift (0.7 eV) was observed as compared to Ag 0 in the Ag/Al 2 O 3 catalyst, which is in good agreement with cobalt binding energy shift. The percentage of metallic cobalt is the highest (67%) on the surface of the 5Ag–15Co catalyst as compared to other catalysts.…”

“…The Ag 3d 5/2 peak at 367.5 eV and the 3d 3/2 peak at 373.59 eV are correlated to metallic silver in the Ag/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. Ag 3d 5/2 and 3d 3/2 peaks at 368.9 and 375.05 eV could be assigned to Ag 1+ in the same catalyst . The spin–orbit component peaks at 778.…”

“…Ag 3d 5/2 and 3d 3/2 peaks at 368.9 and 375.05 eV could be assigned to Ag 1+ in the same catalyst. 30 The spin−orbit component peaks at 778. 2 and 788.1 eV correspond to Co 0 species, which was obtained for the 3Ag−10Co catalyst.…”

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“…So far, bi-and tri-metallic NPs interfaces are more active because of fast electron interchange and the presence of crystal defects, which assures substantial implementation [142]. Several different methods are used to prepare bi-and tri-metallic NPs in the required size, composition, and shape, which influence the properties of the material, including electrochemical reduction, microwave, microemulsion, co-precipitation, pyrolysis, hydrothermal, selective catalytic reduction, sol-gel, solvothermal processes, and combustion [143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152].…”

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“…With such characteristic, the electrocatalysts are expected to have increased surface area that can contribute to improved performance for electrochemical applications. 43,49 In Ag/C, larger clusters can be identified in addition to a distribution of smaller particles. The microstructures presented by both AgNi/C and AgCo/C are quite similar in which fewer larger clusters are observed and the smaller particles are relatively widely distributed, which further influenced the creation of more porous surfaces.…”