Surface activity and phytotoxicity of morpholinium herbicidal ionic liquids

Synthesis and Surface Properties of Piperidinium-Based Herbicidal Ionic Liquids as a Potential Tool for Weed Control

“…This result shows higher proton shielding for the dicamba anion than the bromide anion, as has been previously reported. 21 However, in the 13 C NMR spectra, the analogous carbon atoms for the ionic liquid, except for 10 and 11, had slightly higher chemical shifts (Table 3) than the precursor. Thermal Analysis.…”

“…The results of the AFM studies on piperidinium-based HILs were compared with those described in our previous work Figure shows the results for herbicides based on dicamba anions with similar alkyl chain lengths (C 9 and C 10 ) and different cations.…”

“…The observed height distribution values suggest similar heights for the structures formed from both the morpholinium and piperidinium derivatives. These results show that the piperidinium derivatives enable more homogeneous surface coverage than the morpholinium derivatives …”

“…Additionally, the coverage of the dried mica surface of the piperidinium-based HILs was compared against those of morpholinium-based HILs that were measured in a previous study. 21 The topography of a large surface (see Figure 6A and E) covered with a piperidinium derivative of a short alkyl chain (C 9 ) at the same concentration used for the leaf tests shows a dense distribution of symmetric round deposits (micelles) on the surface and is compared against the distribution of similar structures observed for a HIL with a longer alkyl chain (C 18 ).…”

“…In recent years, the efforts of various research groups have focused on the transformation of herbicides into herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) for use in crop production. − HILs are organic salts with herbicidal anions that exist in a molten state at temperatures below 100 °C. , The main function of HILs is to protect crops by enhancing the activities of herbicides and reduce their environmental risk. ,,, Ionic liquids in which the anions exhibit herbicidal activity have been widely reported in the literature. − An attractive solution for increasing the effectiveness of HILs is bifunctional herbicidal ionic liquids, which are a combination of an anion with herbicidal activity and a cation with surface properties. , This combination produces an increase in the surface area covered by a herbicide and improved adhesion of the preparation to the surface of plant leaves. The aforementioned result was observed by our previous work where we analyzed morpholinium HILs and their wettability of the leaf surface . The influence of the length or nature of the alkyl chain on the surface activity of ionic liquids is well known. , Studies have shown that the length of the carbon chain in a surfactant impacts the interfacial properties, which translates into a significant reduction in surface tension and excellent wetting ability. , Continuing this thought, to contribute toward understanding the wetting phenomenon, the values of contact angle (CA) are established experimentally.…”