Surface Acting or Deep Acting, Who Need More Effortful? A Study on Emotional Labor Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Functional neuroimaging provides an avenue for earlier diagnosis and tailored treatment of psychological disorders characterized by emotional impairment. Near-infrared spectroscopy offers ecological advantages compared to other neuroimaging techniques and suitability of measuring regions involved in emotion functions. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the capacity of NIRS to detect activation during emotion processing and to provide recommendations for future research. Following a comprehensive literature search, we reviewed 85 journal articles which compared activation during emotional experience, regulation or perception with either a neutral condition or baseline period among healthy participants. The quantitative synthesis of outcomes was limited to thematical analysis, owing to the lack of standardisation between studies. Although most studies found increased prefrontal activity during emotional experience and regulation, the findings were more inconsistent for emotion perception. Some researchers reported increased activity during the task, some reported decreases, some no significant changes, and some reported mixed findings depending on the valence and region. We propose that variations in the cognitive task and stimuli, recruited sample, and measurement and analysis of data are the primary causes of inconsistency. Recommendations to improve consistency in future research by carefully considering the choice of population, cognitive task and analysis approach are provided.

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“…, 2015 ; Nishikawa et al. , 2015 ; Lu et al. , 2019 ) and two (10.5%) reported increased O 2 Hb for negative stimuli only ( Roos et al.…”

Section: Emotion Processing Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 98%

A systematic review of studies that used NIRS to measure neural activation during emotion processing in healthy individuals

Westgarth

Hogan

Neumann

et al. 2021

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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“…Nevertheless, some other researchers like Brook [38] disagree, because genuine expression implies no actions or efforts for emotion management. Therefore, as Lu et al [39] note that not every study on emotional labor takes the expression of naturally felt emotions into consideration.…”

Section: Emotional Labor As a Mediatormentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional Labor Mediates the Relationship between Clan Culture and Teacher Burnout: An Examination on Gender Difference

et al. 2022

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Teacher burnout is a psychological syndrome affecting many teachers across the globe. Therefore, numerous studies have investigated antecedents of teacher burnout in order to provide recommendations to alleviate it. Although the studies pay attention to either the role of environmental factors, such as school culture, or individual factors, such as gender, in contributing to teacher burnout, they less frequently examine how teacher burnout is concurrently influenced by both factors. Thus, this study aims to understand the relationship between clan culture and burnout by examining the mediation effect of emotional labor and the moderating effect of gender. A sample of 467 primary and secondary schoolteachers from China participated in this study. The result demonstrated the following: (1) clan culture was negatively related to teacher burnout; (2) deep acting mediated the relationship between clan culture and teacher burnout, while surface acting did not; (3) the mediating effect of deep acting was only significant in the female group of teachers, not the male group.

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“…For example, a bank employee acts as if the required emotion is felt, such as smiling at an annoying customer. On the other hand, deep acting aims to produce certain emotions-bank employees try to feel the emotions they are expected to display in service interaction ( Lu et al., 2019 ). Therefore, bank employees are always expected to display positive emotions (service with a smile), but negative emotions have been expressed most times.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychosocial predictors of emotional labour among employees of merged and acquired banks in Ibadan, South-West, Nigeria

Nkemakolam

Igbolekwu

Nwogu

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) are common among financial institutions. This process often exerts immense pressure on employees of these institutions. Hence, this study touches on the significant but neglected human angle aspect of M&A. Therefore, the study examined psychosocial predictors of emotional labour among employees of merged and acquired banks in Ibadan. The study design is cross-sectional, which involves using a quantitative data collection method to elicit responses from the participants. Furthermore, the convenience sampling method was used and selected four hundred, and twenty-two employees acquired or merged during the consolidation and post-consolidation eras in South-Western Nigeria. A structured questionnaire that measured job satisfaction, acculturation, attitude to M&A and emotional labour was used to collect data from the respondents. Data analysis was done using SPSS software window 10.0. The mean age of respondents was 32 years, with a standard deviation of 7.31. The results showed that attitude towards M&A (β = 0.39; p < .05) and acculturation (β = 0.36; p < .05) were significant independent predictors of emotional labour. Furthermore, attitude towards M&A (β = 0.32; P < .05) and acculturation (β = 0.28; p < .05) were also significant independent predictors of emotional labour per se, personal efficacy, and for false face, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that employees' emotions and job satisfaction should be factored into the management's strategic plan during M&A because the success or failure of this undertaking rests on them. Therefore, it was recommended that bank managers pay adequate attention to acculturation and the attitude of employees during a major organisational change to enhance emotional labour performance.

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Surface Acting or Deep Acting, Who Need More Effortful? A Study on Emotional Labor Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Cited by 16 publications

References 52 publications

A systematic review of studies that used NIRS to measure neural activation during emotion processing in healthy individuals

A systematic review of studies that used NIRS to measure neural activation during emotion processing in healthy individuals

Emotional Labor Mediates the Relationship between Clan Culture and Teacher Burnout: An Examination on Gender Difference

Psychosocial predictors of emotional labour among employees of merged and acquired banks in Ibadan, South-West, Nigeria

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