Supramolecular solvent-based microextraction techniques for sampling and preconcentration of heavy metals: A review

Abstract

Even very low concentrations of heavy metal pollutants have adverse effects on the environment and on human health. Thus, determining even trace concentrations of heavy metals in various samples has attracted a lot of attention. The conventional analytical methods used for the sampling and analysis of heavy metals have some limitations, including the effects of the matrix and their high detection limits. Thus, various methods are used for the pretreatment and concentration of the target analytes, and these methods are time-consuming, expensive, and require the use of toxic solvents. In recent years, supramolecular solvent-based microextraction (SSME), a green analytical strategy, has been used to determine low concentrations of heavy metals in various matrices. This method has unique features such as high enrichment factor, short extraction time, and rapid analysis. In addition, it is cost effective because it consumes less chemical reagents than other methods. Also, it is ecofriendly, and it has good sensitivity and selectivity. Herein, we presented a comprehensive review of the application of the SSME technique for the analysis of heavy metals in water, food, and biological samples. Also, we have provided the distinctive properties of the SSME technique, discussed the challenges that lie ahead, and addressed the potential future trend.

Atomic spectrometry update – a review of advances in environmental analysis

“…Methods for the extraction, preconcentration and analysis of a range of nanomaterials in natural waters, waste waters, soils and sediments and biological samples were critically reviewed (291 references) by Jiang et al 57 The review (146 references) of Viana et al 60 on extraction from waters, soils and sediments for metal speciation included techniques such as MAE, UAE, SPE, SPME and LPME. Jalili et al 152 reviewed (113 references) supramolecular solvent-based microextraction techniques, primarily for the analysis of waters but also for the analysis of soils. The mesoporous silica sorbents summarised 153 in a review (113 references) included magnetic materials, materials functionalised with organic carbon and molecularly imprinted polymers.…”

Atomic spectrometry update: review of advances in the analysis of clinical and biological materials, foods and beverages

“…Several reviews of pre-concentration procedures have been published in the past 12 months. The possibilities for supramolecular solvent-based microextraction techniques were discussed 7 in a review (113 references) that included examples of the determination of PTEs in a variety of matrices, including water, foodstuffs and several clinical materials (blood, urine and hair) by atomic spectrometry. The status of the applications of MOFs in the determination of PTE in foods and environmental materials was reviewed (157 references) by Gumus and Soylak.…”

“…[2][3][4][5][6] The possibilities for supramolecular solvent-based microextraction techniques for sampling and pre-concentration of PTEs have been reviewed (113 references with titles). 7 No timeframe was specied, but it appears as though most of the papers were published in the last 20 years. The reviewers explained what supramolecular solvents are and how, in general, they can be used in LLE procedures that are part of the sample preparation steps in methods for the determination of relevant elements.…”

“…The process was repeated, then the eluted fraction was dried, before measurement of the isotope ratio. The MC-ICP-MS was operated in low resolution mode, using an Aridus II desolvating system (CETAC Technologies, Omaha, USA) to obtain dry plasma conditions, thus enhancing the sensitivity to about 0.8 V 7 Li per 1 ppb Li and enabling the determination of isotope ratios at the low Li levels observed in biological materials. The intensities of 6 Li and 7 Li were measured simultaneously on two different collectors.…”

“…The measured level of Li (1.23 ± 0.06 mg g −1 ) closely matched the certied value in DORM-4 (1.21 ± 0.09 mg g −1 ), the only biological CRM for Li. Since no other biological CRM for the isotope composition is available, the authors assessed the long-term reproducibility of the 7 Li reference solution in different analytical sessions over a year and the yield of the chemical separation in a Na-rich matrix by repeated analysis of a reference sea-water solution. and 0.9 mL were loaded onto the column.…”