Supracondylar Fractures of the Elbow in Children

A Tale of Two Standards: Patent Pools and Innovation in the Optical Disk Drive Industry

“…The first CD audio players went on the market in 1982. 17 It soon became clear that there would also be a significant market for an optical disk storage system for computer applications. In 1984 Philips and Sony announced the original CD-ROM (CD Read Only Memory) standard, and in 1985 the first commercial CD-ROM players were shipped as peripherals to large computer systems.…”

“…1980 Philips-Sony announcement of the CD-DA digital audio standard 1981 MITI Advisory Committee adopts Philips-Sony CD-DA standard, CD-DA standard published 1982 CD-DA audio players introduced, CD-DA patent pool formed 1984 Philips-Sony announcement of CD-ROM standard 1985 1 st CD-ROMs shipped, peripherals to large computer systems 1988 Non-proprietary ISO 9660 computer data/file system standard for CD -ROMs 1989 Microsoft joins in CD-ROM XA standard 1990 Philips-Sony CD-R standards published; first PC CD-ROM drives shipped 1991 1 st CD-R drives shipped Early 1990s CD-R patent pool formed 1994 US Dept. of Justice investigation into CD licensing practices Taiwan, Korea producer entry in CD-ROM drives 1996 CD-RW standard published 1997 1 st CD-RW drives shipped Sources: See text; also Stans, 2009. The CD-ROM market for PCs grew explosively in the mid-1990s, rising from under 5 million units annually in 1993, to a peak of about 85 million units per year just five years later, in 1998 ( Figure 1). After 1998, computers increasingly were attached to writeable CD format drives, and later, DVD drives.…”