Suppression of Type I Interferon Signaling by E1A via RuvBL1/Pontin

Abstract

Suppression of interferon signaling is of paramount importance to a virus. Interferon signaling significantly reduces or halts the ability of a virus to replicate; therefore, viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms that suppress activation of the interferon pathway or responsiveness of the infected cell to interferon. Adenovirus has multiple modes of inhibiting the cellular response to interferon. Here, we report that E1A, previously shown to regulate interferon signaling in multiple ways, inhibits interferon-stimulated gene expression by modulating RuvBL1 function. RuvBL1 was previously shown to affect type I interferon signaling. E1A binds to RuvBL1 and is recruited to RuvBL1-regulated promoters in an interferon-dependent manner, preventing their activation. Depletion of RuvBL1 impairs adenovirus growth but does not appear to significantly affect viral protein expression. Although RuvBL1 has been shown to play a role in cell growth, its depletion had no effect on the ability of the virus to replicate its genome or to drive cells into S phase. E1A was found to bind to RuvBL1 via the C terminus of E1A, and this interaction was important for suppression of interferon-stimulated gene transcriptional activation and recruitment of E1A to interferon-regulated promoters. Here, we report the identification of RuvBL1 as a new target for adenovirus in its quest to suppress the interferon response.IMPORTANCE For most viruses, suppression of the interferon signaling pathway is crucial to ensure a successful replicative cycle. Human adenovirus has evolved several different mechanisms that prevent activation of interferon or the ability of the cell to respond to interferon. The viral immediate-early gene E1A was previously shown to affect interferon signaling in several different ways. Here, we report a novel mechanism reliant on RuvBL1 that E1A uses to prevent activation of interferon-stimulated gene expression following infection or interferon treatment. This adds to the growing knowledge of how viruses are able to inhibit interferon and identifies a novel target used by adenovirus for modulation of the cellular interferon pathway. KEYWORDS E1A, Pontin, RuvBL1, adenovirus, interferon H uman adenovirus (HAdV) infects and replicates in terminally differentiated cells, usually of the epithelium (1). In order to replicate within the infected cell, the virus needs to reprogram the intracellular environment to be more permissive to replication of the viral genome. This is mainly due to the type of cell that the virus infects, which is a terminally differentiated epithelial cell lacking in proteins and cofactors required for large-scale DNA replication (2). In addition to cellular reprogramming, the virus needs to be able to hide within the infected cell long enough to accomplish its replicative cycle and spread to neighboring cells. Adenoviruses have evolved several different strategies to suppress the innate and acquired immune systems and prevent the detection and killing of an infected cell. One of the major co...

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The Adenovirus E1A C Terminus Suppresses a Delayed Antiviral Response and Modulates RAS Signaling

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Adenoviral strategies to overcome innate cellular responses to infection

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