Suppression of Tumourigenicity 2 in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

Abstract

Heart failure (HF), with steadily increasing incidence rates and mortality in an ageing population, represents a major challenge. Evidence suggests that more than half of all patients with a diagnosis of HF suffer from HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Emerging novel biomarkers to improve and potentially guide the treatment of HFpEF are the subject of discussion. One of these biomarkers is suppression of tumourigenicity 2 (ST2), a member of the interleukin (IL)-1 receptor family, binding to IL-33. Its two main isoforms – soluble ST2 (sST2) and transmembrane ST2 (ST2L) – show opposite effects in cardiovascular diseases. While the ST2L/IL-33 interaction is considered as being cardioprotective, sST2 antagonises this beneficial effect by competing for binding to IL-33. Recent studies show that elevated levels of sST2 are associated with increased mortality in HF with reduced ejection fraction. Nevertheless, the significance of sST2 in HFpEF remains uncertain. This article aims to give an overview of the current evidence on sST2 in HFpEF with an emphasis on prognostic value, clinical association and interaction with HF treatment. The authors conclude that sST2 is a promising biomarker in HFpEF. However, further research is needed to fully understand underlying mechanisms and ultimately assess its full value.

Racial Disparities in the Utilization and Outcomes of Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support for Acute Myocardial Infarction-Cardiogenic Shock

“…In addition to restoring coronary perfusion with early revascularization, temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices are frequently used for hemodynamic support in this population [ 3 ]. Decisions to employ temporary MCS device selection are based on several factors including the severity of CS, level of hemodynamic support required, patient comorbidities, and technical limitations [ 4 , 5 ]. Due to the need for significant resource allocation and technical support, it is conceivable that health care inequalities due to patient demographics such as age, sex and race may arise in this population, similar to that in other conditions in acute cardiovascular care [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

PUFA Supplementation and Heart Failure: Effects on Fibrosis and Cardiac Remodeling

“…To date, therapies include treatment with vasodilators, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) as well as beta-blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) [ 34 , 35 , 36 ]. In addition, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved the sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors as a novel therapeutic approach to treating HFrEF patients, irrespective of the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. However, the risk to patients remains high, and further studies are required to define new pharmacological approaches [ 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”

Prognostic value of heart failure biomarkers in the assessment of cardiac dysfunction in the fetus and newborn

“…V. Zach и соавт. [51] установили, что высокий уровень биомаркера sST2 в крови связан с повышением смертности при сердечной недостаточности с сохраненной фракцией выброса.…”