Suppression of Soot in Flames by Alkaline-Earth and Other Metal Additives

Bonczyk, P. A.

doi:10.1080/00102208808947093

Cited by 33 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Similarly, a threefold increase in soot formation has been reported when 200 ppm of iron was doped into the fuel of a laminar, sooting, premixed ethlylene/oxygen/nitrogen flame [5]. These studies demonstrate iron compounds are effective in reducing overall soot yields due to efficient burnout of soot under oxidizing conditions rather than by inhibition [1,5,6,13,15,24]. However, the data may also suggest iron compounds promote soot inception in some regions of the flames under both pyrolysis and oxidative pyrolysis conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Iron compounds, often used for soot reduction, have been extensively studied for their potential to oxidize soot, but have also been observed to enhance some aspects of soot formation [1–24]. For example, addition of iron pentacarbonyl ((Fe(CO) 5 ) to a sooting diffusion flame resulted in an enhanced rate of soot oxidation in the soot burnout regime [6,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fe2O3 nanoparticle mediated molecular growth and soot inception from the oxidative pyrolysis of 1-methylnaphthalene

Herring

Potter

et al. 2013

Proceedings of the Combustion Institute

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While it is well documented iron oxide can reduce soot through burnout in the oxidative regions of flames, it may also impact molecular growth and particle inception. The role of Fe2O3 nanoparticles in mass growth of soot from 1-methylnapthalene (1-MN) was studied in a dual-zone, high-temperature flow reactor. An iron substituted, dendrimer template was oxidized in the first zone to generate ~5 nm Fe2O3 nanoparticles, which were seeded into the second zone of the flow reactor containing 1-MN at 1100°C and ϕ = 1.4–5.0. Enhanced molecular growth in the presence of Fe2O3 nanoparticles resulted in increased yields of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and soot compared to purely gas-phase reactions of 1-MN at identical fuel–air equivalence ratios. This also resulted in an increase in soot-number concentration and a slight shift to smaller particles with increasing addition (from no addition to 3 mM) of Fe2O3. Introduction of Fe2O3 nanoparticles resulted in the formation of stabilization of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), including benzyl, phenoxyl, or semiquinone-type radicals as well as carbon-centered radicals, such as cyclopentadienyl or a delocalized electron in a carbon matrix. At the high concentrations in the flow reactor, these resonance-stabilized free radicals can undergo surface-mediated, radical–radical, molecular growth reactions which may contribute to molecular growth and soot particle inception.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fe2O3 nanoparticle mediated molecular growth and soot inception from the oxidative pyrolysis of 1-methylnaphthalene

Herring

Potter

et al. 2013

Proceedings of the Combustion Institute

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“…Bulewicz et al [9] indicated that the existence of chemical elements in fuel oil belonging to the alkaline-metal group, and to the alkaline-earth group might influence the reaction process and the amount of soot production. Bonczyk [10] found that by adding metallic additives to the ethylene flames, the alkaline-earth group obtained a better soot control effect than the alkaline metal group. Calcium oxide compound can facilitate the oxidization reaction between the inflammable components CO and H 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of Calcium Oxide Content in Marine Fuel Oil on Emission Characteristics of Marine Furnaces Under Varying Humidity and Temperature of the Inlet Air

Lin

Chen

2004

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

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A marine furnace made of stainless steel. combined with an automatic small-size oil-fired burner, was used to experimentally investigate the influences of calcium oxide content in fuel oil on the combustion and emission characteristics under varying temperatures and humidity of the inlet air. Marine fuel oil generally contains various extents of metallic oxides such as CaO, Fe2O3, V2O5, etc which might affect its burning properties. In this study, an air-conditioner was used to adjust the humidity and temperatures of the inlet air to preset values prior to entering the burner. The adjusted inlet air atomized the marine diesel oil A containing a calcium oxide compound, to form a heterogeneous reactant mixture. The reactant mixture was thereafter ignited by a high-voltage electrode in the burner and burned within the marine furnace. The probes of a gas analyzer, H2S analyzer and a K-type thermocouple were inserted into the radial positions of the furnace through the eight rectangular slots which were cut in the upper side of the furnace. The experimental results showed that an increase of either humidity or temperature of the inlet air caused the promotion of the reaction rate of the fuel. The existence of calcium oxide compound in the diesel fuel also facilitated the oxidation reaction in the combustion chamber. The addition of CaO in the diesel fuel under the conditions of higher temperature or higher relative humidity of the inlet air produced the following: higher concentrations of CO2, SO2, and H2S emissions, an increased burning efficiency, a lowered O2 level, production of excess air and NOx emissions as well as a lower thermal loss and a lower burning gas temperature, as compared with the conditions of a lower temperature or a lower humidity of the inlet air. In addition, the burning of diesel fuel with added CaO compound caused a large variation in the burning efficiency, thermal loss, plus CO2, O2, and excess air emissions between the conditions of higher temperature/higher humidity and lower temperature/lower humidity inlet air compared with no CaO addition in the fuel. Moreover, the burning efficiency and the concentrations of excess air and O2 emissions increased, while the thermal loss, burning gas temperature and H2S, SO2, NOx, and CO2 emissions decreased with the increase of the axial distance from the measured location to the burner nozzle.

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“…Chemical compounds of elements belonging to the alkali metals and alkaline-earth groups in fuel oils can influence the burning process and the reaction products (Harb and Smith, 1990;Bonczyk, 1988). The chemical compounds of the alkali metals group may even play a role in suppressing the burning rate of fuel oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of potassium sulfide content in marine diesel fuel oil on emission characteristics of marine furnaces under varying humidity of inlet air

Lin

Chen

2006

Ocean Engineering

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Suppression of Soot in Flames by Alkaline-Earth and Other Metal Additives

Cited by 33 publications

References 33 publications

Fe2O3 nanoparticle mediated molecular growth and soot inception from the oxidative pyrolysis of 1-methylnaphthalene

Fe2O3 nanoparticle mediated molecular growth and soot inception from the oxidative pyrolysis of 1-methylnaphthalene

Influences of Calcium Oxide Content in Marine Fuel Oil on Emission Characteristics of Marine Furnaces Under Varying Humidity and Temperature of the Inlet Air

Effects of potassium sulfide content in marine diesel fuel oil on emission characteristics of marine furnaces under varying humidity of inlet air

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