Suppression of citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, with an attract‐and‐kill formulation

Abstract

The citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is a worldwide pest of citrus crops and is responsible for proliferation of citrus bacterial canker, Xanthomonas axonopodis (Hasse) pv. citri (Gamma Proteobacteria: Xanthomonadaceae). We developed and evaluated an attracticide formulation, termed MalEx, for control of P. citrella. MalEx is a viscous paste with UV-protective properties that is dispensed as 50-ll droplets using custom-made calibrated pumps. A formulation containing 0.016% P. citrella pheromone [3:1 blend of (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal and (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienal] and 6% permethrin was found to suppress male response to pheromone in the field better than formulations containing 10· less pheromone. Although formulations without permethrin showed some suppression of male activity because of mating disruption, addition of 6% permethrin to the formulation was required for optimal efficacy. When MalEx, containing 0.016% pheromone and 6% permethrin, was applied at 3 000 point sources ha, the application height did not influence efficacy of male P. citrella suppression within mature 4-m tall citrus trees. Decreasing the rate of MalEx from 3 000 to 1 500 droplets ha )1 reduced efficacy as measured by both male P. citrella activity and larval infestation. Although 4 500 droplets ha )1 did not result in statistically better efficacy than 3 000 droplets ha, there was a noticeable trend for higher efficacy as droplet density increased. Continuous treatment of 0.5-ha blocks of citrus with MalEx over the course of 112 days reduced larval infestation of new flush, as compared with those in untreated control plots, by 3.6-7.2· depending on droplet application density. In laboratory behavioral bioassays, the attractiveness of MalEx droplets to male P. citrella was drastically reduced after 21 days of field aging. However, our laboratory investigation confirmed that 100% of males contacting MalEx droplets, aged up to 35 days in the field, were killed within 24 h. Direct observation of male P. citrella behavior in the field confirmed that attracted males made contact with droplets. Control of P. citrella with MalEx should reduce the number of required broad spectrum sprays for leafminer management in both field and citrus nursery settings.

A Multimodal Attract-and-Kill Device for the Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

“…Adult D. citri rely on several sensory modalities for host finding that can be targeted to develop management tools. AK has been developed for other citrus [30] and fruit [31][32][33] pests. The concept for an AK device for D. citri reported here was constructed of inexpensive components that could be mass-produced with existing technology.…”

Recent advances in the understanding of Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri pathogenesis and citrus canker disease management

“…Disruption of CLM flush infestation was significantly reduced by the application of only 1.5 g of the active ingredient (a 3 : 1 blend of ( Z , Z , E )‐7,11,13‐hexadecatrienal–( Z , Z )‐7,11‐hexadecadienal) per hectare of citrus grove twice in a 221‐day investigation (Stelinski et al ., ). The same blend mixed with the insecticide permethrin killed 100% of all CLM which came into contact with it (Stelinski and Czokajlo, ).…”

TINGKAT SERANGAN HAMA Phyllocnistis near citrella (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYLLOCNISTIDAE) PADA PERKEBUNAN MANGGIS DI DESA KARACAK, KECAMATAN LEUWILIANG, KABUPATEN BOGOR

“…Saat menyerang daun tersebut larva membuat lorong di dalam jaringan daun (Badawy 1967). Larva hama ini menyerang dengan cara memakan bagian mesofil daun yang terlindungi oleh lapisan epidermis daun (Stelinski & Czokajlo 2009). Liang atau korokan sebagai jalur yang dilewati hama sangat mudah dilihat dan jika daun telah berumur tua, maka liang tersebut akan mengering dan berwarna kecoklatan.…”