Suppression and recovery of a one-trial avoidance response after a single ECS

Cooper, R. M.; Koppenaal, R. J.

doi:10.3758/bf03342924

Cited by 33 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…But spontaneous recovery has also been reported in more controlled non-human animal studies involving ECS-induced amnesia (Cooper & Koppenaal, 1964;Young & Galluscio, 1971;Zinkin & Miller, 1967). For example, Zinkin and Miller (1967) found that ECS delivered to rats after one-trial avoidance learning resulted in marked performance impairments after a 24h delay, but substantial recovery was observed on tests at 48h and 72h delays.…”

Section: Recovery From Experimentally-induced Amnesiamentioning

confidence: 98%

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Hardwicke¹

2017

Preprint

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The human memory system must resolve a critical tension, ensuring that knowledge endures over time (persistence), whilst simultaneously retaining a capacity for updating when knowledge is outdated or erroneous (plasticity). In this thesis, I examine the provocative idea that memory traces can be overwritten with new information, especially during transient periods of retrieval-induced plasticity that occur when a trace undergoes reconsolidation. A systematic review of human reconsolidation studies finds that the evidentiary support for this claim is remarkably tenuous. Furthermore, the theory fails to survive several strong empirical tests. In Experiments 1-7, I do not replicate a previous finding that is widely cited as a convincing demonstration of human reconsolidation. In Experiments 8-10, I revisit the ‘destructive updating’ account of the classic ‘misinformation effect’ in the context of reconsolidation theory. These experiments show that the effect can be eliminated when an appropriate recognition test is used, demonstrating that event traces are not irrecoverably lost, and therefore cannot have been overwritten during reconsolidation. In Experiment 11, I examine whether prior retrieval will help or hinder the correction of naturally occurring semantic misconceptions. Contrary to reconsolidation theory, I find that knowledge updating is not contingent on memory retrieval, nor does it result in the overwriting of prior knowledge.Finally, in the context of media ‘breaking news’ reports (Experiment 12), I find that the provision of an explicit retraction message, coupled with an alternative account with high causal coverage, is insufficient to eliminate reliance on false information. Finally, I contend that the widespread proliferation of ad hoc hypotheses, and the absence of systematic direct replication, has caused the field of reconsolidation to descend into a theoretical quagmire.I make several recommendations based on the principles of open science that may help to restore mechanisms of self-correction and foster genuine theoretical progress.

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Section: Recovery From Experimentally-induced Amnesiamentioning

confidence: 98%

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Hardwicke¹

2017

Preprint

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“…ECS Ss did not approach the level of retention demonstrated by the controls at any tested interval in the present experiment. Also, others, finding spontaneous memory recovery by testing independent groups of ECS Ss at various intervals, have obtained less than complete recovery (e.g., Cooper & Koppenaal, 1964;Kohlenberg & Trabasso, 1968) or, in cases of statistical equivalence between the ECS groups and controls, the use of some form of cut-off procedure at the test obviates any conclusions concerning the completeness of the memory recovered in ECS Ss (e.g., Nielson, 1968;Pagano, Bush, Martin, & Hunt, 1969).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the evidence that the state dependency effect acts to influence the amnesia induced in the typical ECS paradigm, i.e., when ECS follows a training trial footshock, is less than compelling. While some have obtained spontaneous memory recovery under these circumstances (e.g., Cooper & Koppenaal, 1964;Kohlenberg & Trabasso, 1968;Nielson, 1968;Young & Galluscio, 1971) Greenough, Schwitzgebel, & Fulcher, 1968;Herz & Peeke, 1967;Luttges & McGaugh, 1967). Even when parameters have been carefully adjusted to maximize the effect (DeVietti et al, 1973; DeVietti & Hopfer, in press b), little more than nonsignificant trends toward memory recovery have been obtained.…”

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confidence: 99%

ECS-induced amnesia: Retention function consistent with state dependency predictions

DeVietti

Hopfer

1974

Psychobiology

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“…Arguments were also put forward to reconcile spontaneous recovery from consolidation blockade induced by protein synthesis inhibition (Flexner et al 1965;Quartermain and McEwen 1970;Serota 1971;Quartermain et al 1972;Squire and Barondes 1972) and ECS (Cooper and Koppenaal 1964;Kohlenberg and Trabasso 1968;Young and Galluscio 1971) with a storage deficit interpretation of amnesia. Squire and Barondes (1972) reported spontaneous recovery from cycloheximide-induced amnesia 3 d after training, and suggested that the initial impairment was due to a blockade in memory storage.…”

Section: Recovery From Amnesiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Fading in

Nader¹,

Wang²

2006

Learn. Mem.

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Patient H.M. can form new memories and maintain them for a few seconds before they fade away. From a neurobiological perspective, this amnesia is usually attributed to the absence of memory consolidation, that is, memory storage. An alternative view holds that this impairment reflects that the memory is present but cannot be retrieved. This debate has been unresolved for decades. Here, we will consider some of the arguments that make it so difficult to resolve this issue. In addition, some recent work will be discussed that has gone beyond the shortcomings of previous experimental approaches to strongly suggest that amnesia can be due to a retrieval impairment that can be overcome with a reminder—an example of memories fading in. Finally, this review will suggest some strategies for resolving this debate.

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Suppression and recovery of a one-trial avoidance response after a single ECS

Cited by 33 publications

References 11 publications

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

ECS-induced amnesia: Retention function consistent with state dependency predictions

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