“…That is, a quantitative longitudinal research design is adopted in this study to investigate EFL learners’ longitudinal trajectories and patterns of change in vocabulary learning. In addition, as the concept of self-regulation ( Zimmerman and Schunk, 2008 ), which refers to learners’ activating and sustaining planned self-generated thoughts, emotions, and activities to achive their learning goals ( Zimmerman, 2000 , 2008 ), has received considerable attention in the MALL context (e.g., García Botero et al, 2021 ), especially in mobile-based vocabulary learning context (e.g., Barth et al, 2020 ). EFL learners’ self-regulatory vocabulary learning changes over the 1-year MALL programme is also examined in the present study.…”