Supported Telemonitoring and Glycemic Control in People with Type 2 Diabetes: The Telescot Diabetes Pragmatic Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

BackgroundSelf-monitoring of blood glucose among people with type 2 diabetes not treated with insulin does not appear to be effective in improving glycemic control. We investigated whether health professional review of telemetrically transmitted self-monitored glucose results in improved glycemic control in people with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.Methods and FindingsWe performed a randomized, parallel, investigator-blind controlled trial with centralized randomization in family practices in four regions of the United Kingdom among 321 people with type 2 diabetes and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) >58 mmol/mol. The supported telemonitoring intervention involved self-measurement and transmission to a secure website of twice-weekly morning and evening glucose for review by family practice clinicians who were not blinded to allocation group. The control group received usual care, with at least annual review and more frequent reviews for people with poor glycemic or blood pressure control. HbA1c assessed at 9 mo was the primary outcome. Intention-to-treat analyses were performed. 160 people were randomized to the intervention group and 161 to the usual care group between June 6, 2011, and July 19, 2013. HbA1c data at follow-up were available for 146 people in the intervention group and 139 people in the control group. The mean (SD) HbA1c at follow-up was 63.0 (15.5) mmol/mol in the intervention group and 67.8 (14.7) mmol/mol in the usual care group. For primary analysis, adjusted mean HbA1c was 5.60 mmol/mol / 0.51% lower (95% CI 2.38 to 8.81 mmol/mol/ 95% CI 0.22% to 0.81%, p = 0·0007). For secondary analyses, adjusted mean ambulatory systolic blood pressure was 3.06 mmHg lower (95% CI 0.56–5.56 mmHg, p = 0.017) and mean ambulatory diastolic blood pressure was 2.17 mmHg lower (95% CI 0.62–3.72, p = 0.006) among people in the intervention group when compared with usual care after adjustment for baseline differences and minimization strata. No significant differences were identified between groups in weight, treatment pattern, adherence to medication, or quality of life in secondary analyses. There were few adverse events and these were equally distributed between the intervention and control groups. In secondary analysis, there was a greater number of telephone calls between practice nurses and patients in the intervention compared with control group (rate ratio 7.50 (95% CI 4.45–12.65, p < 0.0001) but no other significant differences between groups in use of health services were identified between groups. Key limitations include potential lack of representativeness of trial participants, inability to blind participants and health professionals, and uncertainty about the mechanism, the duration of the effect, and the optimal length of the intervention.ConclusionsSupported telemonitoring resulted in clinically important improvements in control of glycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes in family practice. Current Controlled Trials, registration number ISRCTN71674628.Trial RegistrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISR...

A Systematic Review: Family Support Integrated To Diabetes Self-Management among Glycemic Uncontrolled Type II DM Patients

“…This review verified that five studies follow-up the program by using a face-to-face follow-up (12,15,17,(22)(23)(24)33) . Three studies were noticed to follow-up the program by using the telephone method (13,14,25,26,32) .…”

“…We found that DSME based individual program was conducted into 40.9% of the studies (12,13,16,20,23,25,29,30,32) and 59.1% of the studies offered the DSME in a combination of individual and group education (12,14,15,17,20,21,27,31,32,34) . In general, The individual or group-based program provided the intervention of several strategies, including personalized counseling, feedback regarding goal-setting and problem-solving, support for self-care practice from family members, and the follow-up session.…”

“…To improve the knowledge and communication skill, one study the offered a DVD-based training program (17) . In addition, other study used a Bluetooth technology to access the health condition and to communicate with family practice teams (12) .…”

“…A bluetooth technology was incorporated to deliver the diabetes information (12) . Four studies used food model, picture, illustration, foot picture (14,18,20,24) .…”

“…DSME is also reported to improve HbA1c level by as much as 1% among glycemic uncontrolled patients. (12,15,18,19,21,22,24,32,33) . In addition, several outcomes have a positive effect on psychosocial (35) , self-efficacy (14,24) , dietary and physical behavior aspects (19) , perceived support (15) , knowledge (32) , medication adherence and quality of life (32) .…”