“…The instrument was analyzed using a 5-point Likert scale, as past researcher proposed that 5-point and 7-point scales have no dissimilarities in the results (Cheng & Chen, 2015). In addition, 5-point scale was used by prior several studies (Kanwal, Chong, & Pitafi, 2019;Pitafi, Kanwal, Ali, Khan, & Ameen, 2018;Pitafi, Liu, & Cai, 2018). Research model of the study consists a total of six variables, namely, relative advantages of a smartphone, hedonic motivation, PEOU, intention to use the smartphone for learning, and actual usage of smartphone for learning, and Self-efficacy, which were already tested in different studies in different contexts.…”