Supply of polyenoic fatty acids to the mammalian brain: The ease of conversion of the short-chain essential fatty acids to their longer chain polyunsaturated metabolites in liver, brain, placenta and blood

Naughton, Joan M.

doi:10.1016/0020-711x(81)90132-4

Cited by 93 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…It has been suggested that the brain receives much of its complement of DHA "preformed" from the circulation via the liver (33,34), although the rat brain, and especially the developing rat brain, has a substantial capacity for the synthesis of DHA from precursor molecules (35,36). Our results showed that DHA was formed from dietary EPA and accumulated in the brain to nearly the same extent as the DHA when fed directly in the diet.…”

mentioning

confidence: 48%

Docosahexaenoic Acid Is the Preferred Dietary n-3 Fatty Acid for the Development of the Brain and Retina

1990

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ABSTRACT. The metabolism of individual dietary n-3 fatty acids was studied in n-3 fatty acid-deficient newly hatched chicks. Laying hens were fed the n-6 fatty acid, ethyl linoleate, as the only source of polyunsaturated fat. Chicks were then fed the n-3-deficient hens' diet, or one of three other diets supplemented with the ethyl ester of 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3 [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)], or 22:6n-3 [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] at 0.44% of calories. At the end of 0, 1, 2, and 3 wk, the fatty acid composition of the brain, retina, liver, and serum was determined. Dietary EPA and DHA were equally effective at raising levels of DHA in the brain and retina. Dietary 18:3 was relatively ineffective in restoring brain and retina DHA. In the n-3-deficient chicks fed EPA or DHA, levels of DHA recovered to control values in both the brain and retina by 3 wk. Very little EPA accumulated in the brain or retina of chicks fed EPA. Hepatic synthesis of DHA from EPA appeared low, suggesting that the brain and retina synthesized the DHA that accumulated rapidly in these tissues after the feeding of EPA. The 6-4-desaturase enzyme was apparently very active, then, in the brain and retina. Retroconversion of dietary 22:6 to 22:5 and 20:5 was evident in the serum, liver, and retina but not in the brain. Thus, it was possible to study the relative metabolism and especially the interconversion of n-3 fatty acids in a environment uncomplicated by existing stores of these essential fatty acids. This study would suggest that 18:3 as the sole source of n-3 fatty acids in the diets of animals, including the human infant, may not be adequate for the biochemical development of the brain and retina and that dietary DHA is the preferred fatty acid of the n-3 series. (Pediatr Res 27: 89-97, 1990) Abbreviations DHA, docosahexaenoic acid EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid The n-3 family of polyunsaturated fatty acids has become the focus of much interest because of evidence that these compounds

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confidence: 48%

Docosahexaenoic Acid Is the Preferred Dietary n-3 Fatty Acid for the Development of the Brain and Retina

1990

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“…It seems likely that the in creased oleic acid levels observed after feed ing the MF diet are related to the increased stearic acid (18:0) content of this diet (30%) compared to either the amount (7%) in the low-fat control diet or in the unsaturated SSO (5%) supplemented diet [14], A significant increase in the substrate for A9-desaturase [22] could explain the relatively high propor tion of 18:1 ,n-9 found in the storage fat of MF-fed rats compared to that of the other two dietary groups. Furthermore, as oleic and linoleic acids are the longest chain unsatu rated fatty acids present in rat perirenal fat cells in any significant amount (table II), these cells appear to differ from those of the liver, brain, placenta, or blood of the rat [22] in that they do not possess or have inactive mechanisms for conversion of these sub strates to longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered Levels of n-6/n-3 Fatty Acids in Rat Heart and Storage Fat following Variable Dietary Intake of Linoleic Acid

et al. 1985

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Fat-supplemented diets enriched with linoleic acid by the addition of 12% w/w sunflower seed oil or proportionally reduced in linoleic acid by addition of 12% mutton fat were fed to rats for 18 months before the fatty acid composition of perirenal storage fat and myocardial membranes (phospholipids) was determined. Although the fatty acid composition of perirenal fat generally reflected that of the diet, there was an inverse relationship between the consumption of n-6 and the deposition of n-9 fatty acids. In addition, enhanced deposition of oleic acid (18:l, n-9) appears to be related to the dietary intake of stearic acid (18:0). In contrast, in myocardial membranes the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are found to be increased when the intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids is reduced. This is particularly evident for docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n-3) which is significantly increased in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and diphosphatidylgycerol fractions of myocardial membranes, when the mutton fat diet was fed. After feeding the sunflower seed oil diet, the increased consumption of linoleic acid produced only small changes in the 18:2, n-6 content of cardiac phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. These major classes of membrane phospholipids also showed only small increases in 20:4, n-6. In diphosphatidylglycerol, increased 18:2, n-6 also followed increased dietary intake, but this was not accompanied by increased 20:4, n-6. These changes in myocardial phospholipid fatty acid composition are similar to those observed after short-term feeding reported previously and confirm that changes in dietary n-6/n-3 fatty acid intake affect the fatty acid composition of both myocardial membranes and storage fat. These changes persist for the duration of the feeding period.

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“…These reactions, which occur principally on endoplasmic reticulum membranes (Brenner, 1989), require activated acyl-CoA esters. The activation is rapid and not rate limiting (Naughton, 1981 (Sprecher, 1989 (Bernert and Sprecher, 1975 (Sprecher, 1981). Apparently elongation reactions are not ratelimiting (Bernert and Sprecher, 1975).…”

Section: Dietary Sources Of Essential Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The metabolism and availability of essential fatty acids in animal and human tissues

Bézard

Blond²,

Bernard³

et al. 1994

Reprod. Nutr. Dev.

191

109

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Summary ― Essential fatty acids (EFA), which are not synthesized in animal and human tissues, belong to the n-6 and n-3 families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), derived from linoleic acid (LA,) and a-linolenic acid (LNA,. Optimal requirements are 3-6% of ingested energy for LA and 0.5-1% for LNA in adults. Requirements in LNA are higher in development. Dietary sources of LA and LNA are principally plants, while arachidonic acid (AA,) is found in products from terrestrian animals, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

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Supply of polyenoic fatty acids to the mammalian brain: The ease of conversion of the short-chain essential fatty acids to their longer chain polyunsaturated metabolites in liver, brain, placenta and blood

Cited by 93 publications

References 118 publications

Docosahexaenoic Acid Is the Preferred Dietary n-3 Fatty Acid for the Development of the Brain and Retina

Docosahexaenoic Acid Is the Preferred Dietary n-3 Fatty Acid for the Development of the Brain and Retina

Altered Levels of n-6/n-3 Fatty Acids in Rat Heart and Storage Fat following Variable Dietary Intake of Linoleic Acid

The metabolism and availability of essential fatty acids in animal and human tissues

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