Supply crisis propagation in the global cobalt trade network

Sun, Xiaoqi; Shi, Qing; Hao, Xiaoqing

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106035

Cited by 49 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In fact, according to the data released by the National Bureau of Statistics in China ( (accessed on 8 March 2021)), the average monthly passenger flows of railway, highway, water transportation, and shipping in 2020 decreased by 39.80, 47.1, 45.03, and 36.71 percent, respectively, compared with 2019. The situation may be more complicated because of international trade [ 31 , 32 ]. Beyond that, in 2020, the number of motor vehicles in China reached 372 million, and 33.28 million new motor vehicles were registered, an increase of 1.14 million over 2019 according to the statistics of China’s Ministry of Public Security ( (accessed on 8 March 2021)).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Air Quality during the Period of COVID-19 in China

Huang

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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This paper revisits the heterogeneous impacts of COVID-19 on air quality. For different types of Chinese cities, we analyzed the different degrees of improvement in the concentrations of six air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3) during COVID-19 by analyzing the predictivity of air quality. Specifically, we divided the sample into three groups: cities with severe outbreaks, cities with a few confirmed cases, and cities with secondary outbreaks. Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), recursive plots (RPs), and recursive quantitative analysis (RQA) were used to analyze these heterogeneous impacts and the predictivity of air quality. The empirical results indicated the following: (1) COVID-19 did not necessarily improve air quality due to factors such as the rebound effect of consumption, and its impacts on air quality were short-lived. After the initial outbreak, NO2, CO, and PM2.5 emissions declined for the first 1–3 months. (2) For the cities with severe epidemics, air quality was improved, but for the cities with second outbreaks, air quality was first enhanced and then deteriorated. For the cities with few confirmed cases, air quality first deteriorated and then improved. (3) COVID-19 changed the stability of the air quality sequence. The predictability of the air quality index (AQI) declined in cities with serious epidemic situations and secondary outbreaks, but for the cities with a few confirmed cases, the AQI achieved a stable state sooner. The conclusions may facilitate the analysis of differences in air quality evolution characteristics and fluctuations before and after outbreaks from a quantitative perspective.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Air Quality during the Period of COVID-19 in China

Huang

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…The trade links thus provide a channel for crisis contagion (Lee et al, 2011). By constructing a trade network of critical metals and applying the network metrics, Wang et al (2018) and Sun et al (2022) firstly identified the systemic importance of economies for the graphite trade network and cobalt trade network, respectively. Then they established cascading failure models and analyzed the propagation processes caused by the failures of systemic importance economies.…”

Section: Propagation Of Shocks In Single-layer Trade Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then they established cascading failure models and analyzed the propagation processes caused by the failures of systemic importance economies. It is found that GDP and export volume affect the scope of the influence (Wang et al, 2018), and indirect links play a key role in the propagation process (Sun et al, 2022). The main contribution of these studies is that they provide a model framework to identify the propagation paths and understand the systemic impacts of epicenter economies.…”

Section: Propagation Of Shocks In Single-layer Trade Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supply chain risks of critical metals: Sources, propagation, and responses

Sun

2022

Front. Energy Res.

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In the era of globalization, industries of critical metals are organized through the global supply chain. However, the global supply chains have been disrupted since 2020 by the outbreak of COVID-19 and a series of geopolitical crises. To better address the supply chain challenges of critical metals, a review is needed about the sources, propagation, and responses of the supply chain risks. Firstly, this review provides an overview about the research progress in identifying the risk sources and assessing the risks and then proposes a new supply chain framework, categorizing relevant risk factors into upstream risks, middle-stream risks, downstream risks, and general risks, for risk analysis of critical metals. Secondly, this review offers a comprehensive understanding about how the risks propagate horizontally and vertically. Finally, responses such as supply diversification, stockpiling, material substitution, recycling and circular economy strategy, price volatility hedging, and supply chain traceability are reviewed. This survey features the supply chain perspective, overviews on network-based studies, and affirms the urgency and need for further studies on supply chain risks and resilience, which may contribute to a smooth clean energy transition.

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“…The latter requires the extensive use and development of clean energy technologies and the construction of massive infrastructure and equipment, such as electric cars and solar panels [ 1 ]. These equipment need the support of a large number of new energy mineral resources, such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite, and so on [ 2 , 3 ]. It can be predicted that global “carbon neutrality” will greatly increase the demand for new energy minerals in the future.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Nickel Material Trade Redistribution Strategy Based on the Maximum Entropy Principle

Wang

Zhong

et al. 2022

Entropy

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In the double carbon background, riding the wind of new energy vehicles and the battery high nickelization, nickel resources rise along with the trend. In recent years, due to the influence of geopolitical conflicts and emergencies, as well as the speculation and control of international capital with its advantages and rules, the world may face price and security supply risks to a certain extent. Therefore, to obtain the most objective trade redistribution strategy, this paper first constructs the nickel material trade network, identifies the core trading countries and the main trade relations of nickel material trade, and finds that the flow of nickel material mainly occurred between a few countries. On this basis, a trade redistribution model is constructed based on the maximum entropy principle. Taking Indonesia, the largest exporter, and the largest trade relationship (Indonesia exports to China) as examples, the nickel material redistribution between countries when different supply risks occur are simulated. The results can provide an important reference for national resource recovery after the risk of the nickel trade.

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Supply crisis propagation in the global cobalt trade network

Cited by 49 publications

References 25 publications

Changes in Air Quality during the Period of COVID-19 in China

Changes in Air Quality during the Period of COVID-19 in China

Supply chain risks of critical metals: Sources, propagation, and responses

Research on Nickel Material Trade Redistribution Strategy Based on the Maximum Entropy Principle

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