Supplementing Zn, Mn, and Cu from amino acid complexes and Co from cobalt glucoheptonate during the peripartal period benefits postpartal cow performance and blood neutrophil function

Abstract

The physiologic and metabolic stresses that dairy cows experience during the transition into early lactation can promote oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune dysfunction. Optimal supply of micronutrients such as trace minerals (e.g., Zn, Mn, Cu, and Co) via more bioavailable forms (e.g., AA complexes) might minimize these negative effects. Multiparous Holstein cows were enrolled at 60 d before dry-off (~110 d before calving) and remained on experiment until 30 d in milk (DIM). Cows were offered a common diet supplemented entirely with inorganic trace minerals (INO) from -110 to -30 d before calving. From -30 to calving cows received a common prepartal [1.5 Mcal/kg of dry matter (DM), 15% crude protein] diet, and from calving to 30 DIM a common postpartal (1.76 Mcal/kg of DM, 18% crude protein) diet. Both diets were partially supplemented with an INO mix of Zn, Mn, and Cu to supply 35, 45, and 6 mg/kg, respectively, of the total diet DM. Cows were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design to receive an oral bolus with a mix of INO (n=21) or organic AA complexes (AAC; n=16) of Zn, Mn, Cu, and Co to achieve supplemental levels of 75, 65, 11, and 1mg/kg, respectively, in the total diet DM. Inorganic trace minerals were provided in sulfate form and AAC were supplied via Availa Zn, Availa Mn, Availa Cu, and COPRO (Zinpro Corp., Eden Prairie, MN). Liver tissue was harvested on -30, -15, 10, and 30 d, and blood samples for biomarker analyses were obtained more frequently from -30 to 30 DIM. Short-term changes in blood ketones were measured via Precision Xtra (Abbott Diabetes Care, Alameda, CA) every other day from 1 to 15 d postpartum. Prepartal DM intake was lower in AAC cows. In contrast, a tendency for a diet by time (D × T) interaction resulted in greater postpartal DM intake of approximately 2 kg/d in cows fed AAC. Milk and milk protein yield had a D × T interaction because AAC cows produced approximately 3.3 kg/d more milk and 0.14 kg/d more protein during the first 30 DIM. Although blood glucose, fatty acids, and liver triacylglycerol were not affected by diet, the Precision Xtra ketones (1.44 vs. 2.18 mmol/L) and γ-glutamyltransferase (liver function biomarker) were lower in AAC than INO. Furthermore, feeding AAC increased (D × T) polymorphonuclear neutrophilic lymphocyte phagocytosis, antioxidant capacity postpartum, and overall concentration of liver tissue Co and Cu. Overall, the positive response in milk yield and milk protein in AAC cows might be partly explained by the beneficial effects of AAC on postpartal DM intake driven at least in part by better liver and immune function as a result of improved antioxidant status.

049 Physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with performance, immunometabolic status, and liver function in transition dairy cows fed rumen-protected methionine or choline

“…In terms of dairy cows, results from both our group and others have confirmed the alterations on the transcriptome level (Ji et al, 2012, Osorio et al, 2014a, Li et al, 2016 as well as metabolome (Sun et al, 2015) level in response to nutritional interventions. For instance, microarray analysis from our group revealed a greater overall subclinical inflammatory-like condition in feed-restricted cows compared with overfed cows (Shahzad et al, 2014).…”

“…As such, these approaches result in physiologic profiles associated with a smoother transition into lactation , Swyers et al, 2014, Osorio et al, 2016.…”

“…Although it is possible to assess changes in metabolic and inflammatory status in response to feed additive supplementation (Batistel et al, 2016, Osorio et al, 2016, Zhou et al, 2016a, Zhou et al, 2016c, the cost and time needed to obtain results make it a less desirable approach for evaluating effectiveness of feed additives. In addition, due to differences in nutrition and management strategies among farms, variation in effectiveness of such feed additives are commonly observed even among research conducted in well-controlled environments , Chen et al, 2011, Leiva et al, 2015.…”

Peripheral leukocyte and endometrium molecular biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress are altered in peripartal dairy cows supplemented with Zn, Mn, and Cu from amino acid complexes and Co from Co glucoheptonate

“…Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of organic trace mineral supplementation on expression of key genes associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and eicosanoids in PMNL and endometrium tissue. Production responses and biomarkers of energy balance have been reported elsewhere [10]. …”

Feed Additives Produced on the Basis of Organic Forms of Micronutrients as a Means of Biofortification of Food of Animal Origin

“…Supplementation with organic Zn, Mn, and Cu (from the amino acid complex) and Co (from cobalt glucoheptonate) improves productivity and is the cause of better hoof health. Supplementation of microelements in this form also reduces the concentration of ketone bodies and GGT in the blood [35].…”