Supplementing lactating women with flaxseed oil does not increase docosahexaenoic acid in their milk

François, Cindy; Connor, Sonja L.; Bolewicz, Linda; Connor, William E.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.1.226

Cited by 162 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Our finding of a significant increase in ALA levels after a dietary supplement of flaxseed is similar to previous reports (Francois et al, 2003;Austria et al, 2008;Harper et al, 2006a, b). For example, Francois et al (2003) showed that plasma ALA values increased after 2 and 4 weeks of 20 g flaxseed oil supplementation in lactating women aged 28-39 years. Cunnane et al (1995) found increased plasma ALA in healthy young adults with a mean age of 25 ± 3 years after 2 weeks of supplementation with 50 g of milled flaxseed per day.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Again, the effects in the ground flaxseedsupplemented groups did not achieve statistical significance although similar trends were observed in both age groups. The lack of change in plasma DHA is in agreement with several previous investigations (Francois et al, 2003;Wallace et al, 2003;Austria et al, 2008;Harper et al, 2006a, b). Interconversion of the n-3 fatty acids appears to be limited in humans.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…It is important to remember that ALA can be converted in the body to the cardioprotective o-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish oils, EPA and DHA (Metcalf et al, 2003;Harper et al, 2006a, b). We observed an increase in plasma EPA which has been consistent across different studies (Francois et al, 2003;Wallace et al, 2003;Harper et al, 2006a). Dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil induced an increase in EPA within 4 weeks in both age groups.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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Bioavailability of α-linolenic acid from flaxseed diets as a function of the age of the subject

et al. 2009

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Background: Dietary flaxseed may have beneficial cardiovascular effects. An aged population has a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease, but they may react differently to flaxseed in the diet. Objective: To investigate the response, over a period of 4 weeks, of subjects aged 18-29 or 45-69 years to a diet containing the same amount of a-linolenic acid (ALA) (6 g) introduced in the form of ground flaxseed (30 g) or flaxseed oil. Results: All subjects who received flaxseed oil showed a significant increase in plasma ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentrations over the course of this study. Subjects who received ground flaxseed in the 18-29-year-old group showed a statistically significant increase in their plasma ALA levels, and although there was a trend in the same direction for the 45-69-year-old subjects, this did not achieve statistical significance. The diets induced no major changes in platelet aggregation, plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in any of the groups. Younger subjects showed a decrease in triglyceride (TG) values compared with older subjects. There were no significant side effects that caused compliancy issues. Conclusion: Subject age does not seem to be a major determining factor in influencing ALA absorption from a flaxseedsupplemented diet nor in the metabolism of ALA to EPA in the groups fed flaxseed oil. Concerns about side effects in older subjects administered a higher fiber load in a flaxseed-supplemented diet are not justified. However, younger but not older subjects showed a beneficial decrease in circulating TGs due to flaxseed supplementation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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Bioavailability of α-linolenic acid from flaxseed diets as a function of the age of the subject

et al. 2009

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“…The levels of 22:6n-3 in captive-living anthropoid populations were significantly higher than those of their wild-living superfamily counterparts. Data from humans (Brenna, 2005;Francois et al, 2003) and baboons (Greiner et al, 1997;Su et al, 2005) also support the hypothesis that 22:6n-3 levels in milk increase with an increased source of preformed 22:6n-3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Fatty acid composition of wild anthropoid primate milks

Milligan

Rapoport

Cranfield

et al. 2008

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry an

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Fatty acids in milk reflect the interplay between species-specific physiological mechanisms and maternal diet. Anthropoid primates (apes, Old and New World monkeys) vary in patterns of growth and development and dietary strategies. Milk fatty acid profiles also are predicted to vary widely. This study investigates milk fatty acid composition of five wild anthropoids (Alouatta palliata, Callithrix jacchus, Gorilla beringei beringei, Leontopithecus rosalia, Macaca sinica) to test the null hypothesis of a generalized anthropoid milk fatty acid composition. Milk from New and Old World monkeys had significantly more 8:0 and 10:0 than milk from apes. The leaf eating species G. b. beringei and A. paliatta had a significantly higher proportion of milk 18:3n-3, a fatty acid found primarily in plant lipids. Mean percent composition of 22:6n-3 was significantly different among monkeys and apes, but was similar to the lowest reported values for human milk. Mountain gorillas were unique among anthropoids in the high proportion of milk 20:4n-6. This seems to be unrelated to requirements of a larger brain and may instead reflect speciesspecific metabolic processes or an unknown source of this fatty acid in the mountain gorilla diet.

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“…The concentration of these LCPUFA in milk depends on dietary supply (primarily animal products, such as fish and eggs) and the desaturation and elongation of their n-3 and n-6 PUFA precursors. Data from humans [Brenna, 2002;Francois et al, 2003] and baboons [Greiner et al, 1997;Su et al, 2001] indicate that 22:6n-3 levels in milk increase more with an increased source of preformed 22:6n-3 rather than increases in 18:3n-3. It is difficult to draw conclusions as to the source of milk 22:6n-3 without a better understanding of LCPUFA concentration of the diet and efficiency of the species in conversion to LCPUFA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The composition of milk from Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis)

Milligan

Gibson

Williams

et al. 2007

American J Primatol

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Squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri) give birth to relatively large neonates with large, fast-growing brains. Maternal energy expenditure during gestation and infant development is argued to be high, but may be offset by the provisioning of offspring by females other than the mother (allonursing). Milk composition is an important component of maternal energy expenditure, but has been examined in only a small number of primate species. Here, we report on the milk composition from laboratory-housed Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) dams (n 5 6) and allomothers (n 5 2). Milk samples (n 5 16) representing mid-lactation were assayed for fat, sugar, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and fatty acids. Gross energy (GE) was calculated from these constituents (excepting fatty acids). The goals of this project were: (1) to provide descriptive data on milk composition of squirrel monkeys, including the range of intraspecific variation; (2) to determine if milk produced by allomothers differs from milk from dams; and (3) to compare squirrel monkey milk to that of other small New World monkeys, the callitrichines. Squirrel monkey samples averaged 4.56% fat, 3.59% CP, 6.98% sugar, 16.59% DM, and 0.91 kcal/g. The proportion of the medium chain fatty acids 8:0 and 10:0 was 40 times greater than that reported for human milk samples, and 18:1 and 18:2n-6 comprise more than 60% of total fatty acids. Milk from allomothers was lower than dams in fat, DM, and GE, which may relate to variation in maternal condition between these two groups. Excluding allomothers, milk from squirrel monkeys was higher in mean GE than captive common marmosets, but did not differ in the proportion of energy from fat, CP, and sugar relative to total GE. The consistency in energy from protein between species suggests this may be a shared-derived trait of New World monkeys. Am.

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Supplementing lactating women with flaxseed oil does not increase docosahexaenoic acid in their milk

Abstract: Dietary flaxseed oil increased the breast-milk, plasma, and erythrocyte contents of the n-3 fatty acids ALA, EPA, and DPA but had no effect on breast-milk, plasma, or erythrocyte DHA contents.

Cited by 162 publications

References 31 publications

Bioavailability of α-linolenic acid from flaxseed diets as a function of the age of the subject

Bioavailability of α-linolenic acid from flaxseed diets as a function of the age of the subject

Fatty acid composition of wild anthropoid primate milks

The composition of milk from Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis)

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