Supplementation of a Cereal-Based Diet with Heme Iron:  Interactions between Iron and Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium in Rats

Pallares, I.; Campos, Mercedes; López-Áliaga, Inmaculada; Barrionuevo, M.; Rodríguez-Matas, M.C.; Gómez-Ayala, A.E.; Alférez, María José Muñoz; Hartiti, S.; Lisbona, F.

doi:10.1021/jf950460p

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…with different dietary sources of iron, the digestive utilization of Ca, P and Mg is affected, as is the content of these minerals in the femur (Pallares et al 1993(Pallares et al , 1996aCampos et al 1996). The obvious interest of the above results led us to perform a study to gain a deeper understanding of the metabolism of Ca, P and Mg when severe nutritional ferropenic anaemia is present and when no iron repletion has yet occurred.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions among iron, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the nutritionally iron‐deficient rat

Campos

Barrionuevo

et al. 1998

Experimental Physiology

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SUMMARYWe studied the development of nutritional iron deficiency 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days after the intake of a semisynthetic diet lacking iron (diet 0) and the possible interactions with calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in both control rats and rats after 40 days of iron deficiency. During this period, iron deficiency was found to produce stress in the rats, as evidenced by high levels of cortisol in the serum. High levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) were also found. There was a considerable increase in the absorption of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, but the phosphorus and magnesium balance decreased and that of calcium remained practically unchanged, although there was an increase in calcium urinary elimination. Despite the noticeable degree of bone demineralization, which was evident in the femur, serum levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium remained constant. The present study shows that severe nutritional ferropenic anaemia provokes significant alterations in the metabolism of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. We conclude that these alterations should be taken into account in the treatment of this pathology, given its prevalence and the fact that it may exacerbate other pathologies, particularly those related to the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions among iron, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the nutritionally iron‐deficient rat

Campos

Barrionuevo

et al. 1998

Experimental Physiology

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“…One of the reasons why cow's milk is not recommended during the first year of life is because of the negative effect of its high calcium content on iron absorption (American Academy of Pediatrics, 1992). In iron deficient rats fed a cereal-based diet containing 100 mg Fe/kg a decrease (52.38%) in calcium bioavailability was observed (Pallarés et al, 1996). No differences in calcium absorption from two milk-based infant formulas having the same calcium content (528 mg/L) and different amounts of iron added (2.5 and 10.2 mg Fe/L) were observed (Haschke et al, 1986).…”

Section: Calcium-iron and Vice Versamentioning

confidence: 97%

Review: Effect of Some Components of Milk- and Soy-Based Infant Formulas on Mineral Bioavailability

Jovaní¹,

Barberá

Farré

2001

Food sci. technol. int.

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Infants’ high nutritional needs are fulfilled by mother’s milk or infant formulas to provide all the necessary nutrients, among them minerals. Minerals uptake depends not only on mineral content but also on their bioavailability which, in turn, is affected by the different components of the infant formulas. An understanding of these effects would help to improve mineral bioavailability. This work reviews the influence of endogenous (proteins and phytates) and added (ascorbic and citric acid) components in infant formulas on the bioavailability of nutritionally important mineral elements (calcium, zinc, iron and copper) and their interactions. Special attention is given to the influence of protein, which is positive for calcium and negative for iron absorption. The marked negative effect of phytates on iron and zinc absorption can be counteracted by a dephytinization process. Of the added compounds, ascorbic acid has a positive effect on iron absorption that depends on the molar ratio between ascorbic acid and iron. In fact, adding ascorbic acid can counteract the negative effect of phytic acid on iron absorption but does not alter the effect of phytic acid on zinc absorption. The null effect of an increase in citric acid content can be ascribed to the fact that the citrate contents of infant formulas are already high. One of the most important element interactions is the negative effect of calcium on zinc and iron intestinal absorption and also the interaction between zinc and iron. These interactions deserve our attention because these minerals are essential to infants’ growth and development.

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“…The petitioner indicated that there are numerous articles in the literature that describe the administration of hemoglobin or heme iron concentrates both alone (in capsules or tablets) or combined with various types of food (baby food in jars, biscuits, mixed with cereals, pâtés or meat products), without detecting any incompatibility of the product with the various foods it was used to fortify (Eskeland et al, 1997;Fernández et al, 2000;Hertrampf et al, 1990;Martínez et al, 2000;Pallarés et al, 1996;Salinas et al, 1998).…”

Section: Stability Reaction and Fate In Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animal data Wheby et al (1970) showed that absorption of the heme iron contained in hemoglobin was increased in iron-deficient rats compared with rats with high iron levels, thereby showing that, as happens with the absorption of inorganic iron, the absorption of heme iron is regulated by the individual iron reserves and that intercellular iron transport is probably similar for heme iron and inorganic iron and, therefore, it is the regulation point of iron absorption for both sources. Pallarés et al (1996) and Lisbona et al (1999) administered respectively a cereal diet supplemented with elemental iron (ferric citrate) for 7 days or a mixture containing elemental iron and heme iron (as hemoglobin) in a 80/20 proportion providing a total iron content of 35 mg/kg of diet for 10 days to normal or anemic rats. They observed that in the rats receiving the diet supplemented with heme iron, supplementation did not interfere with the absorption of other minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, which did happen when only non-heme iron (i.e.…”

Section: 11mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the safety of heme iron (blood peptonates) for the proposed uses as a source of iron added for nutritional purposes to foods for the general population, including food supplements

2010

EFS2

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The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food provides a scientific opinion evaluating the safety of heme iron (blood peptonates) when added for nutritional purposes as a source of iron to food for the general population, including food supplements, and evaluating the bioavailability of iron from this source. The Panel concluded that iron from heme iron (blood peptonates) is bioavailable and absorbed to a significantly higher extent than iron from non‐heme sources. No data on the toxicity of heme iron (blood peptonates) were provided by the petitioner except those from an acute toxicity study. The Panel is aware of the fact that heme iron is a constituent of the normal human diet and also an endogenous body constituent. However, given i) that the use levels of heme iron (blood peptonates) proposed by the petitioner result in exposure to iron at levels that are higher than the guidance value of 17 mg/day for supplemental intake of non‐heme iron proposed by the EVM although they are in line with the Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake (PMTDI) value for iron of 0.8 mg/kg bw/day (50 mg/day for a 60 kg person) proposed by JECFA, ii) that the bioavailability of iron from heme iron as compared to iron from non‐heme iron sources is significantly increased, iii) that epidemiological and animal model studies suggest that a high intake of heme iron may be associated with an increased risk of colon cancer, iv) that there are no genotoxicity data on heme iron (blood peptonates) but positive results reported for hemoglobin and hemin in a Comet assay in cells in vitro, and v) that there are no data from subchronic, reproductive, developmental, long‐term toxicity and carcinogenicity studies on heme iron (blood peptonates), the Panel concludes that the available data are insufficient to demonstrate the safety of the proposed use and use levels of heme iron (blood peptonates) as a source of iron for nutritional purposes in foods intended for the general population, including food supplements.

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Supplementation of a Cereal-Based Diet with Heme Iron: Interactions between Iron and Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium in Rats

Cited by 6 publications

References 29 publications

Interactions among iron, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the nutritionally iron‐deficient rat

Interactions among iron, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the nutritionally iron‐deficient rat

Review: Effect of Some Components of Milk- and Soy-Based Infant Formulas on Mineral Bioavailability

Scientific Opinion on the safety of heme iron (blood peptonates) for the proposed uses as a source of iron added for nutritional purposes to foods for the general population, including food supplements

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