Supplemental protocol for liana censuses

Schnitzer, Stefan A.; Rutishauser, Suzanne; Aguilar, Salomo ́n

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.10.012

Cited by 146 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Only 0.3% of the stems were not represented in either database; for those exceptional species, a sitebased average wood density of 0.62 g m −3 was used. The diameters of all lianas ≥5 cm in the control plots were measured at the beginning of the wet and dry seasons using appropriate liana census techniques (36,37). Diameter data were converted into AGB using a liana-specific allometric (17).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lianas reduce carbon accumulation and storage in tropical forests

Heijden

Powers

Schnitzer

2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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162

136

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Tropical forests store vast quantities of carbon, account for onethird of the carbon fixed by photosynthesis, and are a major sink in the global carbon cycle. Recent evidence suggests that competition between lianas (woody vines) and trees may reduce forest-wide carbon uptake; however, estimates of the impact of lianas on carbon dynamics of tropical forests are crucially lacking. Here we used a large-scale liana removal experiment and found that, at 3 y after liana removal, lianas reduced net above-ground carbon uptake (growth and recruitment minus mortality) by ∼76% per year, mostly by reducing tree growth. The loss of carbon uptake due to lianainduced mortality was four times greater in the control plots in which lianas were present, but high variation among plots prevented a significant difference among the treatments. Lianas altered how aboveground carbon was stored. In forests where lianas were present, the partitioning of forest aboveground net primary production was dominated by leaves (53.2%, compared with 39.2% in liana-free forests) at the expense of woody stems (from 28.9%, compared with 43.9%), resulting in a more rapid return of fixed carbon to the atmosphere. After 3 y of experimental liana removal, our results clearly demonstrate large differences in carbon cycling between forests with and without lianas. Combined with the recently reported increases in liana abundance, these results indicate that lianas are an important and increasing agent of change in the carbon dynamics of tropical forests.L ianas (woody vines) are a key component of lowland tropical forests, commonly contributing more than 25% of the woody stems and species and competing intensely with trees. By relying on the structural investment of trees for support, lianas are able to allocate a higher proportion of biomass than trees into the production of foliage rather than carbon-dense stems (1). Thus, lianas themselves contribute relatively little to forest-level biomass (1, 2). The ecological effects of lianas may be more extensive than their relatively modest contribution to biomass suggests, however. Liana-tree competition can be far more intense than tree-tree competition (3), substantially reducing tree growth (2, 4), fecundity (5, 6), and survival (4, 7). Furthermore, lianas may constrain net above-ground forest primary productivity, i.e., the total amount of carbon fixed into both canopy material (leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds) and woody stems (8), by failing to compensate for the biomass that they displace in trees (1, 2).Recent evidence indicates that lianas are now increasing in abundance and biomass in tropical forests, possibly being driven by a combination of increased atmospheric CO 2 concentration, changing climatic conditions, and seasonal droughts, as well as increased natural and anthropogenic disturbances (9, 10). The increase in lianas, combined with the observations that lianas can reduce individual tree growth by up to 84% (11) and increase tree mortality risk twofold to threefold (4, 7), has made it pertin...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lianas reduce carbon accumulation and storage in tropical forests

Heijden

Powers

Schnitzer

2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

162

136

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“…1). Seguindo o protocolo proposto por Gerwing et al (2006) e Schnitzer et al (2008), amostramos todas as lianas com diâmetro na altura do peito maior ou igual a 1,0 cm. Observamos também qual porção da árvore a liana ocupava: tronco, copa ou ambos.…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

A importância da luz na ocupação de árvores por lianas

et al. 2013

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ResumoLianas interagem de forma negativa com as árvores, uma vez que aumentam suas taxas de mortalidade. Seria esperado, portanto, que árvores apresentassem possíveis caracteres que as defenderiam contra lianas. O objetivo desse estudo foi testar se os seguintes caracteres das árvores limitam sua infestação por lianas: 1) baixa altura; 2) tronco com ramificações altas (fuste alto); 3) casca lisa; 4) casca esfoliante, e 5) menor índice de iluminação da copa. O estudo foi realizado em um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecídua no município de Alfenas (MG) no qual foi amostrado em 0,1 ha, todas as árvores com diâmetro na altura do peito maior do que 3 cm. Para cada árvore registrou-se os caracteres citados anteriormente, bem como foi estimada a porcentagem de cobertura de lianas na copa. Encontrou-se que quanto maior a altura e o índice de iluminação da copa, maior a sua ocupação por lianas. Essas árvores, apesar de atingirem o dossel da floresta e, portanto, adquirirem mais luz para crescimento e reprodução, estão também mais sujeitas à ocupação por lianas. Apesar disso, supõe-se que as árvores não investem em estruturas que poderiam diminuir a ocupação por lianas, provavelmente porque a competição com outras plantas da vizinhança pode ser também intensa. Palavras-chave: competição, comunidade vegetal, Floresta Estacional Semidecídua, trepadeira. AbstractLianas (woody climbers) interact negatively with trees, increasing their mortality rates. We expect, therefore, that trees have developed supposed traits that would defend them against lianas. The aim of this paper was test if these tree traits limit their liana occupation: 1) smaller height; 2) taller free bole height; 3) smooth bark; 4) exfoliating bark, and 5) low crown illumination. This study was carried out in a fragment of a seasonal semideciduous forest in Alfenas (Minas Gerais; Southeastern Brasil). We sampled in 0.1 ha all trees with diameter at breast height larger than 3 cm. For each tree we noted the traits previously cited, as well as we estimated the percentage of liana occupation on the tree crowns. We found that, for taller trees and trees with higher crown illumination, the probability of a tree to carry lianas was higher. These trees, in spite of reaching the forest canopy, and, therefore, acquire more light for reproduction and growth, they are also more prone to liana occupation. In spite of that, we suppose that the trees do not invest on traits that could decrease the liana occupation, probably because the competition with neighbor's plants may also be intense.

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“…Durante o período de novembro de 2008 a agosto de 2009 o censo de lianas foi realizado seguindo o protocolo estabelecido por Gerwing et al (2006) e modificado por Schnitzer et al (2008). Foram numerados, medidos, identificados e mapeados todos os sarmentos de lianas com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) ≥ 1,0 cm enraizados em cada parcela, que estivessem apoiados nos indivíduos arborescentes presentes na área.…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

Abundância e biomassa de lianas em um fragmento de floresta Atlântica

Carvalho

Mellis

Ascenção

et al. 2011

Hoehnea

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-(Liana abundance and biomass in an Atlantic forest fragment). Lianas represent an important component of the structure and diversity of tropical forests. Normally, in disturbed forest a higher density and biomass of lianas is found compared with undisturbed forests. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the abundance and biomass of lianas differ between bamboo-dominated and non-dominated areas in Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga. Sample plots of 0.7 ha were established in both areas, and a standard census protocol for woody lianas ≥ 1 cm were used. We found 277 lianas (395 ind. ha ) in the non-dominated area. The biomass, abundance and the proportion of infested trees were significantly different between areas. Lianas ≥ 5 cm diameter accounted for 75% of total biomass in the bamboo-dominated area and 21,4% in the non-dominated area. In bamboo-dominated area lianas may be suppressed by absence of supports and by competition with Aulonemia aristulata a native scandent bamboo. Key words: Aulonemia aristulata, bamboo, forest fragment, lianas biomass RESUMO -(Abundância e biomassa de lianas em um fragmento de floresta Atlântica). Lianas representam um importante componente da estrutura e diversidade das florestas tropicais. Normalmente em florestas perturbadas são encontradas uma alta densidade de lianas em comparação com florestas não perturbadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a abundância e a biomassa de lianas difere entre áreas dominadas e não-dominadas por uma espécie de bambu nativo no Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga. Uma parcela de 0,7 ha foi estabelecida em cada área e um censo com protocolo padrão para lianas lenhosas ≥ 1 cm foi usado. Nós encontramos 277 lianas (395 ind. ha ) na área não dominada. A biomassa e a proporção de árvores infestadas foram diferentes entre áreas. Lianas ≥ 5 cm de diâmetro foram responsáveis por 75% da biomassa total na área dominada por bambu e por 21,4% na área não dominada por bambu. Na área dominada por bambu as lianas podem ter sido suprimidas pela ausência de suporte e pela competição com Aulonemia aristulata um bambu nativo escandente. Palavras-chave: Aulonemia aristulata, bambu, biomassa de lianas, fragmento florestal

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Supplemental protocol for liana censuses

Cited by 146 publications

References 10 publications

Lianas reduce carbon accumulation and storage in tropical forests

Lianas reduce carbon accumulation and storage in tropical forests

A importância da luz na ocupação de árvores por lianas

Abundância e biomassa de lianas em um fragmento de floresta Atlântica

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