Supplemental Fats for Growing Turkeys: A Review

Kagan, Albert

doi:10.1079/wps19810015

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Percentage response for feed conversion also increased with supplemental fat level and averaged 1.76% per 1% supplemental fat for the 12-to 20-wk feeding period. Similar responses were reported by Kagan (1981), whose review of supplemental fat and turkey performance found a response range of 0 to .9% and 1.6 to 1.9% per 1% supplemental fat for weight and feed conversion, respectively-Pelleting responses were greatest from 8 to 12 and 12 to 16 wk of age for both weight and feed efficiency in comparison to mash. Pelleting improved 20-wk BW by 4.8% and cumulative feed efficiency and gain by 3.2 and 4.3%, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

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Effect of Diet and Population Density on Male Turkeys Under Various Environmental Conditions.

et al. 1991

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The performance of 1,312 male market turkeys (Large White, Nicholas strain) from 0 to 20 wk of age fed diets varying in feed form and energy level was measured under two stocking densities (.21 or .46 m2 per bird) and four lighting and temperature programs. The four diets were 1) corn and soybean meal with 1% supplemental fat, mash (CSM); 2) as 1, pelleted (CSP); 3) as Diet 1 but with 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8% supplemental fat during 0 to 4, 4 to 8, 8 to 12, 12 to 16, and 16 to 20 wk of age, respectively (CSF); and 4) as Diet 1 but with barely included at 0, 20, 35, 50, and 65% during the respective 4-wk age periods (CSB). The four light and temperature programs were 1) Environment A with intermittent light [4 [2 h light (L):4 h dark (D)]] in combination with cycling temperature at 7 and 21 C during light and dark photoperiod, respectively; Environment B with intermittent light, 21 C; Environment C with continuous light (18L:6D) and cycling temperature of 7 to 21 C; and Environment D with intermittent light, 7 C. Lighting and temperature programs started at 1 and 4 wk of age, respectively. Body weights at 20 wk of age decreased (P less than .05) with increasing temperature (13.86 versus 12.26 kg for Environments D and B, respectively) with cycling temperature intermediate (13.51 kg for Environment A). Intermittent light (P less than .05) improved BW and feed conversion by 3.4 and 2.0%, respectively, compared with continuous light. Rearing males at .21 m2 per bird versus .46 m2 per bird decreased weight (P less than .05) by 5.5%. Twenty-week BW of males fed the CSP (13.52 kg) and CSF (13.58 kg) diets were greater (P less than .05) than those fed CSM (12.90 kg) and CSB (12.69 kg) diets. Significant (P less than .05) interactions between diet, environment, and density were not detected for most performance characteristics. Environmental measurements indicated higher dust and ammonia levels in the warm environment (B). Isolates of aspergillus and incidence of airsacculitis at time of processing were greatest in Environment B.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Supplementation of diets with fat has been used to increase the energy density and improve feed efficiency as reviewed by Kagan (1981). Because the heat increment of fat is lower than that of other dietary components, it has been suggested that supplemental fat be used for better performance during hot temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Diet and Population Density on Male Turkeys Under Various Environmental Conditions.

et al. 1991

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“…Many studies have shown that the dietary addition of fats or vegetable oils improves the performance of broilers (Vemeersch and Vanschoubroek, 1968;Fuller and Rendon, 1977;Griffith et al, 1977) wards and Morris, 1976;Sell et al, 1976;Jensen, 1983;Reid, 1985), and turkeys (Salmon and O'Neill, 1971;Potter et al, 1974;Kagan, 1981;Owings and Sell, 1982). It has also been shown that dietary fat is a more efficient source of energy than dietary carbohydrate or protein (Donato and Hegsted, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Nutritive Value of High Oil Corn for Poultry

1987

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Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of high oil corn for poultry relative to that of conventional (CONV) corn. The variety of high oil corn (HO1) evaluated in most trials contained 6.0% oil and 9.6% protein on a 10% moisture basis. The protein quality of HO1 and CONV corn was assessed with female crossbred chicks fed corn as the sole source of dietary protein. There was no difference in either protein efficiency ratio or in net protein ratio between the two types of corn. True metabolizable energy (TME) and nitrogen-corrected TME (TMEn) values of HO1 corn were determined using adult roosters. The TME and TMEn values of HO1 corn were approximately 4.5% higher than those of CONV corn. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of high oil corn varieties, containing from 6 to 13% oil, in practical diets of commercial broiler chicks from 8 to 22 days posthatching. Weight gain, gain-to-feed ratio, and skin and plasma pigmentation were improved in chicks fed 24% protein diets containing high oil corns compared with those fed the same diet containing CONV corn; magnitude of response was highly correlated to oil content of the corn. The relative value of HO1 corn in practical laying hen diets was examined in a 15-wk experiment. Hens fed a 17% protein diet containing HO1 corn from 23 to 38 weeks of age had a better feed-to-egg ratio than those fed the same diet containing CONV corn when the corn sources were substituted on an isonitrogenous basis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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“…The first report of beneficial effects of supplemented fat in turkey diets was that of Biely and March (1954). Since then, numerous studies (for reviews see, Kagan, 1981;Sell, 1985) have documented the effect of fat on turkey performance. Besides their contribution to the energy concentration of the diet, supplemental fats improve feed efficiency by exerting what is termed as an "extracaloric effect" (Touchbum and Naber, 1966;Vermeersch and Vanschoubroek, 1968).…”

Section: Fat Supplementation In Diets Of Young Turkeysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pancreatic lipase activity and utilization of dietary fat in young turkeys as affected by 17[beta]-estradiol dipropionate

Escribano

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An assay developed by Hemell and Olivecrona (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 369:234-244, 1974) for human milk lipases was modified and used to measure pancreatic lipase activity (LA) in young turkeys. LA (nmoles of oleic acid (OA) released/min) was determined in pancreatic homogenates. Glycerol trioleate (GTO) was emulsified by sonication in a MES buffer solution with 2% gum arabic. The final incubation system (200 nl) containing the pancreatic homogenate and an excess of turkey colipase was: 3 x 10^ dpm ^H-GTO, 5.16 mM GTO, 2mM Mes buffer pH 6.5, 6 mM sodium taurodeoxycholate, .15 M sodium chloride, 1 mM calcium chloride, .3 mM sodium azide, 2 mM benzamidine hydrochloride, 2 mM hydrocinnamic acid, and .5 mM N^benzoyl-D,L-arginine. The latter three constituents were added as proteinase inhibitors. Diisopropylfiuorophosphate (1 mM) was added as inhibitor of ester hydrolases other than lipase. Incubations were done at 40° C for 10 min in a water bath after 5 min preincubation time. The released OA was separated by liquidliquid partitioning and centrifugation. The upper phase contained 89% of the OA but trace amounts of partial glycerides. LA was linear with both the amount of pancreas dry weight added into the medium (P<.0001, R^=.98) and the time of incubation (P<.0001, R^=.96) up to 20 min. LA was maximal at .5 jimoles GTO and above. This assay allowed accurate and repeatable determinations of LA with only 2 ng of pancreas dry weight.

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Supplemental Fats for Growing Turkeys: A Review

Cited by 8 publications

References 24 publications

Effect of Diet and Population Density on Male Turkeys Under Various Environmental Conditions.

Effect of Diet and Population Density on Male Turkeys Under Various Environmental Conditions.

Nutritive Value of High Oil Corn for Poultry

Pancreatic lipase activity and utilization of dietary fat in young turkeys as affected by 17[beta]-estradiol dipropionate

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