Supersize the label: The effect of prominent calorie labeling on sales

Nikolaou, Charoula Konstantia; McPartland, Michael; Demkova, Livia; Lean, Michael E. J.

doi:10.1016/j.nut.2016.11.006

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The majority of studies were conducted in the United States (n = 56) or Canada (n = 13) . Studies encompassed food service (n = 44), grocery (n = 56), and mixed (n = 7) retail settings including cafeterias (n = 24), full service restaurants (n = 18), corner stores and/or grocery stores (n = 19), supermarkets (n = 16), vending machines (n = 13), quick‐service restaurants (n = 13), and cafés (n = 5) . Approximately half of thes...…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies encompassed food service (n = 44), grocery (n = 56), and mixed (n = 7) retail settings including cafeterias (n = 24), full service restaurants (n = 18), corner stores and/or grocery stores (n = 19), supermarkets (n = 16), vending machines (n = 13), quick‐service restaurants (n = 13), and cafés (n = 5) . Approximately half of these retailers were considered to have a mandate that integrated health including universities (n = 15), healthcare settings (n = 18), workplaces (n = 11), and sports and recreation centres (n = 7) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most frequently reported of all outcomes was total sales (n = 36), followed by revenue (n = 25) . These were largely determined through objective sales data, using electronic sales systems . Three recent studies used individualized data from customer loyalty cards .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating business outcomes of healthy food retail strategies: A systematic scoping review

et al. 2019

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Large changes to food retail settings are required to improve population diet.However, limited research has comprehensively considered the business implications of healthy food retail strategies for food retailers. We performed a systematic scoping review to identify types of business outcomes that have been reported in healthy food retail strategy evaluations. Peer-reviewed and grey literature were searched.We identified qualitative or quantitative real-world food or beverage retail strategies designed to improve the healthiness of the consumer nutrition environment (eg, changes to the "marketing mix" of product, price, promotion, and/or placement).Eligible studies reported store-or chain-level outcomes for measures of commercial viability, retailer perspectives, customer perspectives, and/or community outcomes. 11 682 titles and abstracts were screened with 107 studies included for review from 15 countries. Overall item sales, revenue, store patronage, and customer level of satisfaction with strategy were the most frequently examined outcomes. There was a large heterogeneity in outcome measures reported and in favourability for retailers of outcomes across studies. We recommend more consistent reporting of business outcomes and increased development and use of validated and reliable measurement tools. This may help generate more robust research evidence to aid retailers and policymakers to select feasible and sustainable healthy food retail strategies to benefit population health within and across countries.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating business outcomes of healthy food retail strategies: A systematic scoping review

et al. 2019

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“…In order to standardize the labels across study sites, we improved the size and prominence of the calorie only labels as well as testing the PACE labels which were similarly visible. It is possible that by enhancing the calorie-only labels, we increased their effectiveness [14]. It is possible that participants exposed to PACE labeling altered their behaviors in other ways that may have contributed to better health other than purchasing fewer lunch calories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of calories-only vs physical activity calorie expenditure labeling on lunch calories purchased in worksite cafeterias

et al. 2019

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BackgroundCalorie labeling on restaurant menus is a public health strategy to guide consumer ordering behaviors, but effects on calories purchased have been minimal. Displaying labels communicating the physical activity required to burn calories may be a more effective approach, but real-world comparisons are needed.MethodsIn a quasi-experimental study, we examined the effect of physical activity calorie expenditure (PACE) food labels compared to calorie-only labels on point-of-decision food purchasing in three worksite cafeterias in North Carolina. After a year of quarterly baseline data collection, one cafeteria prominently displayed PACE labels, and two cafeterias prominently displayed calorie-only labels. Calories from foods purchased in the cafeteria during lunch were assessed over 2 weeks every 3 months for 2 years by photographs of meals. We compared differences in purchased calorie estimates before and after the labeling intervention was introduced using longitudinal generalized linear mixed model regressions that included a random intercept for each participant.ResultsIn unadjusted models comparing average meal calories after vs before labeling, participants exposed to PACE labels purchased 40.4 fewer calories (P = 0.002), and participants exposed to calorie-only labels purchased 38.2 fewer calories (P = 0.0002). The small difference of 2 fewer calories purchased among participants exposed to PACE labeling vs calorie-only labeling was not significant (P = 0.90). Models adjusting for age, sex, race, occupation, numeracy level, and health literacy level did not change estimates appreciably.ConclusionIn this workplace cafeteria setting, PACE labeling was no more effective than calorie-only labeling in reducing lunchtime calories purchased.

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“…In addition, we examine the relationship between backlash and food label use. Researchers have identified food labels as a key source of health information for consumers (Soederberg Miller & Cassady, 2015), and a driver of healthier food selections (Bucher, Murawski, Duncanson, Labe, & Van der Horst, 2018;Kim et al, 20016;Mhurchu, Eyles, Jiang, & Blakely, 2018;Nikolaou et al, 2017). Important to the present study, past work has suggested that food-related motivation might be a key moderator for meaningful label use (Mulders, Corneille, & Klein, 2018;Tanner, McCarthy, & O'Reilly, 2019).…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 75%

Revisiting nutrition backlash: Psychometric properties and discriminant validity of the nutrition backlash scale

et al. 2020

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Objective: Nutrition backlash is a disposition defined by negative feelings about dietary recommendations. Past research has measured nutrition backlash using the nutrition backlash scale (NBS), and found that it is negatively related to fruit and vegetable consumption. The present study examined several aspects of the NBS, including factor structure, discriminant validity, and relationship to demographics and health behaviors.Research Methods & Procedures: Adults were recruited to participate in two studies. Study 1 (N = 480) included measures of nutritional backlash, information overload, worry, fatalism, and nutrition-related behaviors. Study 2 (N = 399) was a follow-up that examined the factor structure of the NBS in a separate sample. Results:In Study 1, a six-item version of the NBS was found to be a good fit for the data and discriminant from overload, worry, and fatalism. NBS was higher for those with less education, non-White participants, and males. Individuals with higher backlash were also less likely to look at nutritional labels and to use sunscreen. Study 2 confirmed the factor structure from Study 1. Conclusions:A six-item version of NBS was found to be reliable, discriminant from related measures, higher in underserved groups (less educated, non-White, and male participants), and related to nutrition label use.

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Supersize the label: The effect of prominent calorie labeling on sales

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

Investigating business outcomes of healthy food retail strategies: A systematic scoping review

Investigating business outcomes of healthy food retail strategies: A systematic scoping review

Effect of calories-only vs physical activity calorie expenditure labeling on lunch calories purchased in worksite cafeterias

Revisiting nutrition backlash: Psychometric properties and discriminant validity of the nutrition backlash scale

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