Supersingular Isogeny Key Encapsulation (SIKE) Round 2 on ARM Cortex-M4

Seo, Hwajeong; Anastasova, Mila; Jalali, Amir; Azarderakhsh, Reza

doi:10.1109/tc.2020.3023045

Cited by 29 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Supersingular isogeny graphs are the foundation of SIKE. SIKEp434 128 is an excellent source of information about SIKE key sizes. It uses a 2992‐bit private and 2640‐bit public key for 128‐bit classical security. – Lattice‐based cryptography : In the creation of the encryption or its verification, this cryptography frequently uses the ideas of mathematical lattices 117 .…”

Section: Nuts and Bolts Of Blockchain And Iot Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A transformative shift toward blockchain‐basedIoTenvironments: Consensus, smart contracts, and future directions

Trivedi

Rao

Parmar

et al. 2023

Security and Privacy

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Recently, Internet‐of‐Things (IoT) based applications have shifted from centralized infrastructures to decentralized ecosystems, owing to user data's security and privacy limitations. The shift has opened new doors for intruders to launch distributed attacks in diverse IoT scenarios that jeopardize the application environments. Moreover, as heterogeneous and autonomous networks communicate, the attacks intensify, which justifies the requirement of trust as a key policy. Recently, blockchain‐based IoT solutions have been proposed that address trust limitations by maintaining data consistency, immutability, and chronology in IoT environments. However, IoT ecosystems are resource‐constrained and have low bandwidth and finite computing power of sensor nodes. Thus, the inclusion of blockchain requires an effective policy design regarding consensus and smart contract environments in heterogeneous IoT applications. Recent studies have presented blockchain as a potential solution in IoT, but an effective view of consensus and smart contract design to meet the end application requirements is an open problem. Motivated by the same, the survey presents the integration of suitable low‐powered consensus protocols and smart contract design to assess and validate the blockchain‐IoT ecosystems. We present blockchain‐IoT's emerging communication and security aspects with performance issues of consensus protocols, interoperability, and implementation platforms. A case study of a smart contract‐based blockchain‐driven ecosystem is presented with a comparative analysis of mining cost and latency, which shows its suitability in real‐world setups. We also highlight attacks on blockchain IoT, open issues, potential findings, and future directions. The survey intends to drive novel solutions for future consensus and safe, smart contract designs to support applicative IoT ecosystems.

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Section: Nuts and Bolts Of Blockchain And Iot Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A transformative shift toward blockchain‐basedIoTenvironments: Consensus, smart contracts, and future directions

Trivedi

Rao

Parmar

et al. 2023

Security and Privacy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Adopted by [77], an altered form of the Fujisaki-Okamoto transformation in [58] is applied to the Kyber.CPA encryption scheme to obtain a CCA-secure KEM.…”

Section: Kyber Build Specificsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On 5 July 2022, NIST identified four standardized candidate algorithms: CRYSTALS-KYBER [51], CRYSTALS-DILITHIUM [52], FALCON [53] and SPHINCS+ [54]. Meanwhile, NIST announced the fourth round of candidates, including BIKE [55], Classic McEliece (a merger of Classic McEliece and NTS-KEM HQC) [56], HQC [57], and SIKE (with the SIKE team acknowledging that SIKE and SIDH are not secure) [58]. The fourth PQC Standards Conference was held online on 29 November 2022, where aspects of the candidate algorithms were discussed to inform standardization decisions, and submission teams for the selected algorithms, as well as the algorithm submission teams advancing to Round 4, were invited to update their algorithms.…”

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confidence: 99%

Post-Quantum Security: Opportunities and Challenges

Li,

Chen,

Chen

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Cryptography is very essential in our daily life, not only for confidentiality of information, but also for information integrity verification, non-repudiation, authentication, and other aspects. In modern society, cryptography is widely used; everything from personal life to national security is inseparable from it. With the emergence of quantum computing, traditional encryption methods are at risk of being cracked. People are beginning to explore methods for defending against quantum computer attacks. Among the methods currently developed, quantum key distribution is a technology that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to distribute keys. Post-quantum encryption algorithms are encryption methods that rely on mathematical challenges that quantum computers cannot solve quickly to ensure security. In this study, an integrated review of post-quantum encryption algorithms is conducted from the perspective of traditional cryptography. First, the concept and development background of post-quantum encryption are introduced. Then, the post-quantum encryption algorithm Kyber is studied. Finally, the achievements, difficulties and outstanding problems in this emerging field are summarized, and some predictions for the future are made.

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“…Until now, there have been several optimized implementations of SIDH and SIKE mechanism. They mainly focused on the implementations on ARM processors such as 32-bit ARM Cortex-M4 [11], [14], [16] and ARM processors equipped with NEON engine such as ARMv7-A and ARMv8-A processors [8]- [10], [12], [13], [15].…”

Section: B Supersingular Isogeny-based Pqc Implementations On Embedded Mcu Sidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On pqm4, SIKEp503's key generation, encapsulation, and decapsulation process (implemented in pure C codes) take around 985 million, 1623 million, and 1726 million cycles, respectively, which are much slower than other PQC candidates. In 2020, Seo et al [14] presented the first practical software implementation of SIKE round 2 submission on 32-bit ARM Cortex-M4. They carefully redesigned several state-of-the-art optimization techniques of finite field arithmetics and implemented them in pure hand-crafted assembly codes.…”

Section: B Supersingular Isogeny-based Pqc Implementations On Embedded Mcu Sidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

SIKE on GPU: Accelerating Supersingular Isogeny-Based Key Encapsulation Mechanism on Graphic Processing Units

Seo

2021

IEEE Access

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Since the introduction of the Supersingular isogeny Diffie-Hellman (SIDH) key exchange protocol by Jao and de Feo in 2011, it and its variation (SIKE) have gained significant attention as a promising candidate for post-quantum cryptography (PQC). Until now, even though several implementations of the state-of-the-art SIKE mechanism were presented on CPUs and embedded MCUs, there was no consideration of implementing SIKE on parallel graphic processing units (GPUs). With the advent of the IoT era, a number of IT devices will communicate with application servers. Thus, developing efficient instance of SIKE on server sides is also important. GPUs have been considered as a promising candidate for a cryptographic accelerator. In this paper, we present an efficient implementation of Supersingular Isogeny Key Encapsulation (SIKE) mechanism on GPUs. Even though SIKE has fascinating advantages of much smaller key and ciphertext sizes compared with other NIST PQC candidates, its computational overhead is extremely high. Until now, a large amount of research has been conducted for enhancing the performance of SIKE with respect to software on typical CPU and embedded MCUs and hardware optimization on ASIC and FPGA. However, generic software optimization utilizing GPUs has not been considered yet. We target the GPU implementation of SIKEp503 security parameters which provides the security level 2 (At least as difficult to break as SHA256). For efficiency, we optimize the underlying field arithmetic, especially field multiplication and reduction over p503 = 2 250 3 159 − 1 and take full advantage of the properties of GPU architecture including memory hierarchy. The proposed GPU software based on RTX2080Ti provides around 36376.61 KeyGens/s, 25603.72 Encaps/s, and 22211.61 Decaps/s. These are about 140.64, 157.66, and 146.81 times of improvements to the SIKE CPU Software on Intel i9-10900K CPU, respectively. As far as we know, this is the first efficient implementation of SIKE software on GPU side.INDEX TERMS Graphic processing units (GPU), supersingular isogeny, SIKE, efficient implementation, post quantum cryptography, parallel processing, cloud computing. I. INTRODUCTIONIt has been widely believed that the security of currently used public-Key Cryptosystems (PKC) such as RSA, ECC, etc. will be broken as the development of quantum computers which can execute Shor's algorithm. For preparing the security of information and communication systems in quantum computing era, there is huge demand for Post Quantum Cryptosystems (PQC) which are resistant against Shor's The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Wei Huang . algorithm. In 2016, NIST has started the competition process for selecting secure and efficient PQC algorithms. In 2020, NIST announced 7 finalists and 8 alternatives in round 3. Among them, SIKE (Supersingular Isogeny Key Encapsulation) mechanism is the only PQC algorithm based on elliptic curves and has an advantage of much smaller key and ciphertext sizes com...

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Supersingular Isogeny Key Encapsulation (SIKE) Round 2 on ARM Cortex-M4

Cited by 29 publications

References 22 publications

A transformative shift toward blockchain‐basedIoTenvironments: Consensus, smart contracts, and future directions

A transformative shift toward blockchain‐basedIoTenvironments: Consensus, smart contracts, and future directions

Post-Quantum Security: Opportunities and Challenges

SIKE on GPU: Accelerating Supersingular Isogeny-Based Key Encapsulation Mechanism on Graphic Processing Units

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