Superresilient Hard Carbon Nanofabrics for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Developing supermechanically resilient hard carbon materials that can quickly accommodate sodium ions is highly demanded in fabricating durable anodes for wearable sodium‐ion batteries. Here, an interconnected spiral nanofibrous hard carbon fabric with both remarkable resiliency (e.g., recovery rate as high as 1200 mm s−1) and high Young's modulus is reported. The hard carbon nanofabrics are prepared by spinning and then carbonizing the reaction product of polyacrylonitrile and polar molecules (melamine). The resulting unique hard carbon possesses a highly disordered carbonaceous structure with enlarged interlayer spacing contributed from the strong electrostatic repulsion of dense pyrrolic nitrogen atoms. Its excellent resiliency remains after intercalation/deintercalation of sodium ions. The outstanding sodium‐storage performance of the derived anode includes excellent gravimetric capacity, high‐power capability, and long‐term cyclic stability. More significantly, with a high loading mass, the hard carbon anode displays a high‐power capacity (1.05 mAh cm−2 at 2 A g−1) and excellent cyclic stability. This study provides a unique strategy for the design and fabrication of new hard carbon materials for advanced wearable energy storage systems.

In Situ Nitrogen Retention of Carbon Anode for Enhancing the Electrochemical Performance for Sodium‐Ion Battery

“…Based on the position of (002) peak, the ‐spacing of all the samples was about 0.35 nm (Table S3), which was higher than the standard graphite (0.32 nm). This could be caused by the strong electrostatic repulsion of pyrrolic N [22] . Moreover, PAZ‐CF‐700/900/1100 had higher ‐spacing than PANIA‐CF‐700, which could be attributed to boron and zinc atoms with bigger size remained among graphitic‐like layers.…”

“…[i] 160 mAh g À 1 (0.4 A g À 1 ) 400 151 mAh g À 1 (1 A g À 1 ) 2019 [35] g-C 3 N 4 110 mAh g À 1 (0.1 A g À 1 ) --2019 [35] CGNPC1-5 [j] 223 mAh g À 1 (0.05 A g À 1 ) 250 141 mAh g À 1 (1 A g À 1 ) 2020 [36] s-HCNF [k] 201 mAh g À 1 (0.1 A g À 1 ) 1200 115 mAh g À 1 (5 A g À 1 ) 2020 [22] NC [l] 143 mAh g-1 (0.1 A g-1) 200 -2020 [37] NCNFs [m] 150 mAh g À 1 (0.5 A g À 1 ) 2000 80 mAh g À 1 (1 A g À 1 ) 2021 [38] PAZ-CF-700 101 mAh g À 1 (1.6 A g À 1 ) 4000 85 mAh g À 1 (3.2 A g À 1 ) this work Additionally, carbonised samples contained around 1.3 % of Zn, which was generated from ZB at high temperature. The Zn2p curve of PAZ-CF-700 was fitted as Figure 6h.…”

Recent Advances of Asymmetric Supercapacitors

“…Along with the exhaustion of fossil fuels, the demands for developing sustainable energy are getting more and more urgent. [ 1–10 ] Recently, great efforts have been made to explore renewable energy sources, including solar, hydraulic, tidal, and wind energy. [ 2,11–13 ] However, as these sources are highly fluctuated with seasons and geography, reliable and highly efficient energy storage systems should be developed.…”

A Promising Hard Carbon−Soft Carbon Composite Anode with Boosting Sodium Storage Performance

“…Hard carbon, a type of disordered carbonaceous compounds, has been studied extensively in the development of anode materials for SIBs due to its advantages of low cost, large reversible capacity (300-400 mAh g À 1 ) and low operating voltage (~0.1 V). [10] Various hard carbon materials from different sources have been reported, including biomass (such as argan shells, [11] typha, [12] butterfly wings, [13,14] buckwheat hulls) [15] and organic polymer (such as melamine, [16] polyacrylonitrile (PAN), [17] polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [18] and phenolic resin [19] ). The commercial application potential of hard carbon in sodium storage is looming.…”