Superplastic Nanowires Pulled from the Surface of Common Salt

Moore, Nathan W.; Luo, Junhang; Huang, Jianyu; Mao, Scott X.; Houston, Jack E.

doi:10.1021/nl9004805

Cited by 30 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…The forces on approach at the lowest biases (<3 V, Figure 2) are characteristically similar to those observed earlier with IFM involving capillary condensation between other insulating surfaces, including NaCl, diamond, poly(vinyl acetate) and carboxylated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), 10,11,41,42 supporting that the transition at D* stemmed from capillary condensation and not from electrical discharge. Both the discontinuity in the force at D* and the linear scaling of the force with separation for D < D* are established features of capillary nanobridges at constant vapor pressure (for reviews of surface forces, see refs 3, 8, 22, and 43).…”

Section: ' Methods and Materialssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…While others have shown that the rupture of a nanoscale capillary between separating surfaces is accompanied by an abrupt decrease in the attractive force, no such discontinuities in the forceÀdistance curves were observed here. 9,11,12 Thus, the applied field leads to an electrostatic force that appears to dominate over the capillary interaction during at least the majority of the approach and separation. Importantly, the attractive force measured during separation appears to have the same functional form at both bias levels ( Figure 4).…”

Section: ' Methods and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adhesion Hysteresis from Interdependent Capillary and Electrostatic Forces

Moore

2011

Langmuir

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Adhesion hysteresis commonly occurs at the nanoscale in humid atmospheres, yet mechanisms are not entirely understood. Here, the adhesion forces between silicon (111) oxide surfaces and tungsten oxide probes have been examined using interfacial force microscopy. The results show that the adhesion forces during surface approach and separation differ not only in magnitude but also in mechanism, arising mainly from capillary and electrostatic forces, respectively. Surface contact leads to a transient intersurface potential on dewetting. This mechanism of adhesion hysteresis differs in not relying singly on hysteretic wetting. Furthermore, by biasing the surfaces, nonadditivity is demonstrated between the capillary and electrostatic forces at the onset of condensation. These results hold important implications on the interpretation of force in nanoprobe geometries in humid atmospheres.

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Section: ' Methods and Materialssupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: ' Methods and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adhesion Hysteresis from Interdependent Capillary and Electrostatic Forces

Moore

2011

Langmuir

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“…33 A recent in situ TEM study on NaCl NWs also observed superplastic deformation, and the authors confirmed that electron beam irradiation enhanced ductility. 47 Another example on the superplasticity comes from carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In situ TEM tension experiments showed that, at high temperatures, individual single-walled CNTs can undergo superplastic deformation (becoming nearly 280% longer than its original length, much larger than the theoretical strain of CNTs at room temperature).…”

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confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties of Vapor−Liquid−Solid Synthesized Silicon Nanowires

et al. 2009

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The Young's modulus and fracture strength of silicon nanowires with diameters between 15 and 60 nm and lengths between 1.5 and 4.3 µm were measured. The nanowires, grown by the vapor-liquid-solid process, were subjected to tensile tests in situ inside a scanning electron microscope. The Young's modulus decreased while the fracture strength increased up to 12.2 GPa, as the nanowire diameter decreased. The fracture strength also increased with the decrease of the side surface area; the increase rate for the chemically synthesized silicon nanowires was found to be much higher than that for the microfabricated silicon thin films. Repeated loading and unloading during tensile tests demonstrated that the nanowires are linear elastic until fracture without appreciable plasticity.Silicon (Si) nanowires (NWs) are one of the key building blocks for nanoelectronic and nanoelectromechanical devices. 1 They exhibit excellent mechanical, 2,3 electrical, 4 and optical 5 properties, in addition to interesting multifunctional properties such as piezoresistivity 6 and thermoelectricity. [7][8][9] As such, Si NWs have been used in a broad range of applications including nanoelectronics, 10-12 nanosensors, 13 nanoresonators, 14 light-emitting diodes, 15 and thermoelectric energy scavengers. 7,8 The operation and reliability of these nanodevices depend on the mechanical properties of Si NWs, which are expected to be different from their bulk counterparts due to their increasing surface-to-volume ratio.Existing techniques for measuring the mechanics of individual NWs include observing the vibration (or resonance) of cantilevered NWs inside a transmission or scanning electron microscope (TEM/SEM), [16][17][18] measuring the lateral bending of suspended NWs with an atomic force microscope (AFM), 3,19-21 measuring uniaxial tension of suspended NWs in SEM or TEM, 2,22-26 and nanoindentation of NWs on a substate. 27 Available experimental results on Si NWs exhibit significant scatter including the following: (1) some reported a decrease in Young's modulus with decreasing size, 2,9,24,28 while others showed an opposite trend; 20,21 (2) the reported strength values of vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) grown Si NWs ranged from 500 MPa to 12 GPa; 3,28 (3) Han et al. 2 observed pronounced plastic deformation of Si NWs by in situ TEM tensile tests at room temperature, while Gordon et al. 21 reported linear elastic behavior followed by brittle fracture using AFM bending tests.Moreover the experimental data show large discrepancy with the simulation results. 29 For instance, the experimentally measured Young's moduli started deviating from the bulk value at diameters of about 200 nm; 28 conversely, computational studies using both density functional theory (DFT) and classical molecular dynamics (MD) indicated that the transition diameter for Young's modulus of Si NWs is less than 10 nm. [30][31][32] The experimentally observed plasticity at room temperature occurred for Si NWs with diameter less than 60 nm, while MD simulations 33 predicted a simi...

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“…In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [5][6][7][8] and molecular dynamics (MD) studies [9][10][11][12][13] showed that the plasticity of metallic NWs deformed under vacuum is controlled by the nucleation and escape of dislocations from the free surfaces, and required application of stresses a few orders of magnitude higher than necessary for the dislocation glide mechanisms of bulk crystalline materials. Alternatively, amorphous NWs may become superplastic at room temperature and can form long atomic chains at the fracture surfaces 14,15 . Consequently, statements such as 'smaller is stronger' 4,[16][17][18][19][20] , 'smaller is superplastic' 14,15,21 or 'smaller is softer' 22 , have been used to describe mechanical properties of nanomaterials.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, amorphous NWs may become superplastic at room temperature and can form long atomic chains at the fracture surfaces 14,15 . Consequently, statements such as 'smaller is stronger' 4,[16][17][18][19][20] , 'smaller is superplastic' 14,15,21 or 'smaller is softer' 22 , have been used to describe mechanical properties of nanomaterials. In general, sophisticated tensile and compression tests of NWs were carried out in vacuum chambers, and thus, the effects of environment on their mechanical properties were not considered.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidation-assisted ductility of aluminium nanowires

et al. 2014

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Oxidation can drastically change mechanical properties of nanostructures that typically have large surface-to-volume ratios. However, the underlying mechanisms describing the effect oxidation has on the mechanical properties of nanostructures have yet to be characterized. Here we use reactive molecular dynamics and show that the oxidation enhances the aluminium nanowire ductility, and the oxide shell exhibits superplastic behaviour. The oxide shell decreases the aluminium dislocation nucleation stress by increasing the activation volume and the number of nucleation sites. Superplasticity of the amorphous oxide shell is due to viscous flow as a result of healing of the broken aluminium-oxygen bonds by oxygen diffusion, below a critical strain rate. The interplay between the strain rate and oxidation rate is not only essential for designing nanodevices in ambient environments, but also controls interface properties in large-scale deformation processes.

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Superplastic Nanowires Pulled from the Surface of Common Salt

Cited by 30 publications

References 35 publications

Adhesion Hysteresis from Interdependent Capillary and Electrostatic Forces

Adhesion Hysteresis from Interdependent Capillary and Electrostatic Forces

Mechanical Properties of Vapor−Liquid−Solid Synthesized Silicon Nanowires

Oxidation-assisted ductility of aluminium nanowires

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