Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs): Development, surface modification and applications in chemotherapy

Synthesis, Functionalization, and Design of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications

“…[302] On the other hand, since the size of desired nanoparticles is decreased below 100 nm, they become highly reactive sites due to proportion of surface atoms and hydrophobic interactions between the sub nm size particles (large surface area to volume ration). [12] This will lead to less stable nanoparticles as a result of strong tendency to undergo agglomeration. Appropriate surfactant coating can decrease the particle-particle interactions to derive colloidally stable, water soluble MNPs.…”

“…[118] In addition, although silica is known to be biocompatible, they have are not biodegradable. [12] Adv. Healthcare Mater.…”

“…[383] Silica, polymers, gold and other organic dye molecules are of the most commonly used materials through this approach. [12] In order to bind the coating material onto the surface of resultant MNPs, two different strategies have been employed; the first one exploits the weak interactions (van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, etc.) for a reversible physisorption of the surfactant, macromolecules, and amphiphilic polymers on the surface of metal oxide nanoparticles and the second one involves the attachment of macromolecular chains onto the nanoparticles surface via chemisorption.…”

“…The surface charge which quantitatively is measured as an electrical potential in the interfacial double layer on the nanoparticles in suspension plays a significant role in their colloidal stability, adsorption of proteins and cellular uptake. [12] Although many attempts have been made to investigate the effect of surface charge on the formation of protein corona, there is still a disparity in whether positive or negative surface charged nanoparticle are better suited for biological applications. [425] A series of studies have reported that negatively surface charged nanoparticles strongly correlate with reduced protein adsorption, which consequently leads to low phagocytic uptake and longer blood circulation time.…”

“…de are readily taken by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), and also increase the chances of vessel embolism. [12] On the other hand, very small nanoparticles can be renally excreted from the body due to small pores of the basal lamina of kidney, ≈10 nm sized. [13] Furthermore, hydrophobic and negatively charged surface of nanoparticles make them prone to the adsorption of opsonin proteins which alters their chemical identity and makes them more visible to phagocytic cells and removal of the body.…”