Superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia: a volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study

Rajarethinam, Rajaprabhakaran; DeQuardo, John R.; Nalepa, R; Tandon, Rajiv

doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00083-3

Cited by 167 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…While several previous studies have reported negative correlations between the severity of hallucinations and left STG (Barta et al, 1990;Flaum et al, 1995;Levitan et al, 1999;Rajarethinam et al, 2000), as in our previous study (Shenton et al, 1992), we did not find such a correlation. Furthermore, while some studies (e.g., Shenton et al, 1992;Menon et al, 1995;Marsh et al, 1997) have found reported a negative correlation between severity of thought disorder and left posterior STG volume reduction, we observed a negative correlation with severity of thought disorder and both left STG and right posterior STG volume reduction (absolute volume only).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

“…Recent reviews (Shenton et al, , 2001aMcCarley et al, 1999) document that all studies (listed above) evaluating STG gray matter, separate from white matter, have reported reductions in schizophrenic patients, and 10 out of 15 studies in which gray and white matter were combined have reported reductions in schizophrenic patients (positive findings: Barta et al, 1990Barta et al, , 1997Flaum et al, 1995;Tune et al, 1996;Marsh et al, 1997;Pearlson et al, 1997;Reite et al, 1997;Keshavan et al, 1998;Bryant et al, 1999;Rajarethinam et al, 2000;negative findings: Vita et al, 1995;Kulynych et al, 1996;Woodruff et al, 1997;Roy et al, 1998;Havermans et al, 1999). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An MRI study of temporal lobe abnormalities and negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia

Anderson

Wible

McCarley

et al. 2002

Schizophrenia Research

100

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Previous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have reported various subtle brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients, including temporal lobe abnormalities, which are of particular interest given the role of this brain region in auditory and language processing, and the characteristic deficits in these processes in schizophrenia. Subjects in this study were 16 male patients diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia and 15 healthy male comparison subjects. These patients were characterized by negative symptoms. High spatial resolution coronal MRI 1.5-mm-thick slices were used to measure the gray matter volume of the superior temporal gyrus, anterior and posterior amygdala/ hippocampal complex, and parahippocampal gyrus. Patients, relative to normal comparison subjects, evinced a reduction of gray matter volume in bilateral superior temporal gyri and anterior amygdala/ hippocampal complex. The reduction in gray matter of the superior temporal gyrus in patients with schizophrenia is consistent with previous findings, and is noteworthy in that it was found in this group of patients with predominantly negative symptoms. The reduction in the anterior amygdala/ hippocampal complex was an additional temporal lobe finding. These results underscore the role of temporal lobe structures in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An MRI study of temporal lobe abnormalities and negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia

Anderson

Wible

McCarley

et al. 2002

Schizophrenia Research

100

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“…Previous studies with normally hearing control subjects have also reported a leftward asymmetry for STG volume (30,39). The lack of asymmetry within STG for the deaf subjects may be due to the increased GM volume within right STG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

A morphometric analysis of auditory brain regions in congenitally deaf adults

Emmorey

Allen

Bruss

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

190

146

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We investigated whether variation in auditory experience in humans during development alters the macroscopic neuroanatomy of primary or auditory association cortices. Volumetric analyses were based on MRI data from 25 congenitally deaf subjects and 25 hearing subjects, all right-handed. The groups were matched for gender and age. Gray and white matter volumes were determined for the temporal lobe, superior temporal gyrus, Heschl's gyrus (HG), and the planum temporale. Deaf and hearing subjects did not differ in the total volume or the gray matter volume of HG, which suggests that auditory deafferentation does not lead to cell loss within primary auditory cortex in humans. However, deaf subjects had significantly larger gray matter-white matter ratios than hearing subjects in HG, with deaf subjects exhibiting significantly less white matter in both left and right HG. Deaf subjects also had higher gray matter-white matter ratios in the rest of the superior temporal gyrus, but this pattern was not observed for the temporal lobe as a whole. These findings suggest that auditory deprivation from birth results in less myelination and͞or fewer fibers projecting to and from auditory cortices. Finally, the volumes of planum temporale and HG were significantly larger in the left hemisphere for both groups, suggesting that leftward asymmetries within ''auditory'' cortices do not arise from experience with auditory processing.T he study of congenitally deaf adults provides a unique opportunity to investigate potential changes in neural organization and structure resulting from sensory deprivation. Animal studies have shown that congenital deafness produces degenerative changes in the central auditory pathway (1, 2). Degeneration in the central auditory system subsequent to profound hearing loss has also been reported in humans. For example, Moore and colleagues (3) observed cell size reductions in the cochlear nucleus of profoundly deaf adults. However, it is unclear whether auditory deprivation from birth results in degeneration of primary auditory cortex in either animals or humans. The pattern of subcortical projections to primary auditory cortex in congenitally deaf cats is similar to that of normally hearing cats (4, 5), suggesting that cortical auditory regions may continue to receive input from subcortical regions and might not exhibit degeneration. However, functional deficits are observed in synaptic activity and organization within auditory cortex (6), suggesting the possibility of variation in the structure of auditory cortex as a consequence of congenital deafness.We investigated whether congenital and profound hearing loss in humans results in reduced volume and͞or altered morphology of cortical brain regions involved in auditory processing. Specifically, we investigated whether lack of auditory input from birth affects gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes within primary auditory cortex [defined as the transverse gyrus of Heschl (7)], within auditory association cortex in the planum temporale (PT), or ...

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“…We call particular attention to the white matter fiber tracts of the corpus callosum, because we think they strongly illustrate the power of this technique in visualizing heretofore unseen fiber tracts in vivo. Summary of MR studies seporting positive and negative findings in schizophenia (Table is updated Gur et al, 1994Gur et al, , 1998bGur et al, , 1999Jernigan et al, 1991;Nasrallah et al, 1990;Rajarethinam et al, 2000;Sanfilipo et al, 2000a;Whitworth et al, 1998] − Bilder et al, 1994;Blackwood et al, 1991;Breier et al, 1992;Buchanan et al, 1993Buchanan et al, , 1998Cannon et al, 1998;Colombo et al, 1993;Dauphinais et al, 1990Flaum et al, 1995;Goldstein et al, 1999;Harvey et al, 1993;Hazlett et al, 1999;Hirayasu et al, 1998Hirayasu et al, , 2000…”

Section: Summary Of Mri Findings and Future Directions For Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia

Shenton

Dickey

Frumin

et al. 2001

Schizophrenia Research

2,128

121

1,332

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After more than 100 years of research, the neuropathology of schizophrenia remains unknown and this is despite the fact that both Kraepelin (1919/1971: Kraepelin,E., 1919/1971. Dementia praecox. Churchill Livingston Inc., New York) and Bleuler (1911/1950: Bleuler, E., 1911/1950. Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. International Universities Press, New York), who first described 'dementia praecox' and the ' schizophrenias', were convinced that schizophrenia would ultimately be linked to an organic brain disorder. Alzheimer (1897: Alzheimer, A., 1897. Beitrage zur pathologischen anatomie der hirnrinde und zur anatomischen grundlage einiger psychosen. Monatsschrift fur Psychiarie und Neurologie. 2, 82-120) was the first to investigate the neuropathology of schizophrenia, though he went on to study more tractable brain diseases. The results of subsequent neuropathological studies were disappointing because of conflicting findings. Research interest thus waned and did not flourish again until 1976, following the pivotal computer assisted tomography (CT) finding of lateral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia by Johnstone and colleagues. Since that time significant progress has been made in brain imaging, particularly with the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), beginning with the first MRI study of schizophrenia by Smith and coworkers in 1984 (Smith, R.C., Calderon, M., Ravichandran, G. K., et al. (1984). Nuclear magnetic resonance in schizophrenia: A preliminary study. Psychiatry Res. 12, 137-147). MR in vivo imaging of the brain now confirms brain abnormalities in schizophrenia.The 193 peer reviewed MRI studies reported in the current review span the period from 1988 to August, 2000. This 12 year period has witnessed a burgeoning of MRI studies and has led to more definitive findings of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia than any other time period in the history of schizophrenia research. Such progress in defining the neuropathology of schizophrenia is largely due to advances in in vivo MRI techniques. These advances have now led to the identification of a number of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. Some of these abnormalities confirm earlier postmortem findings, and most are small and subtle, rather than large, thus necessitating more advanced and accurate measurement tools. These findings include ventricular enlargement (80% of studies reviewed) and third ventricle enlargement (73% of studies reviewed). There is also preferential involvement of medial temporal lobe structures (74% of studies reviewed), which include the amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus, and neocortical temporal lobe regions (superior temporal gyrus) (100% of studies reviewed). When gray and white matter of superior temporal gyrus was combined, 67% of studies reported abnormalities. There was also moderate evidence for frontal lobe abnormalities (59% of studies reviewed), particularly prefrontal gray matter and orbitofrontal regions. Similarly, there was moderate evidence for parietal lobe ab...

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Superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia: a volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study

Cited by 167 publications

References 36 publications

An MRI study of temporal lobe abnormalities and negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia

An MRI study of temporal lobe abnormalities and negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia

A morphometric analysis of auditory brain regions in congenitally deaf adults

A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia

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