Superior Sagittal Sinus: A Review of the History, Surgical Considerations, and Pathology

Patchana, Tye; Zampella, Bailey; Berry, James A; Lawandy, Shokry; Sweiss, Raed

doi:10.7759/cureus.4597

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…Thus, their injury or acute occlusion can lead to significant clinical complications 2 and is considered a life-threatening injury 3 . The sinuses are implicated in a myriad of diseases 4 and their laceration in severe head injuries is a significant clinical concern 5 . Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents an ever increasing public health and societal burden 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and structural characterisation of the dural venous sinuses

Walsh

Lynch

Connor

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The dural venous sinuses play an integral role in draining venous blood from the cranial cavity. As a result of the sinuses anatomical location, they are of significant importance when evaluating the mechanopathology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite the importance of the dural venous sinuses in normal neurophysiology, no mechanical analyses have been conducted on the tissues. In this study, we conduct mechanical and structural analysis on porcine dural venous sinus tissue to help elucidate the tissues’ function in healthy and diseased conditions. With longitudinal elastic moduli values ranging from 33 to 58 MPa, we demonstrate that the sinuses exhibit higher mechanical stiffness than that of native dural tissue, which may be of interest to the field of TBI modelling. Furthermore, by employing histological staining and a colour deconvolution protocol, we show that the sinuses have a collagen-dominant extracellular matrix, with collagen area fractions ranging from 84 to 94%, which likely explains the tissue’s large mechanical stiffness. In summary, we provide the first investigation of the dural venous sinus mechanical behaviour with accompanying structural analysis, which may aid in understanding TBI mechanopathology.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and structural characterisation of the dural venous sinuses

Walsh

Lynch

Connor

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…However, we focused on a different vessel compared to those investigated by the previously cited study (i.e., SSS vs. the Rosenthal vein and straight sinus). We chose the SSS because it drains from various cortical veins [ 16 , 17 ], it has a crucial role in cerebrospinal fluid waste removal [ 18 ], and it has a greater diameter compared to the Rosenthal vein and the straight sinus that was investigated by Zamboni et al [ 2 ], so we did expect to achieve a higher signal. We can find results that agree with our own, i.e., that SSS flow is modulated by respiration, looking at the figures reported in a preliminary work by Sunohara et al [ 15 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We focus on IJVs as representative of the main extracranial venous flow pathway in the supine position. For intracranial drainage, we considered the superior sagittal sinus (SSS), this being the largest dural venous sinus and receiving venous blood from different superficial cortical veins in both the cerebral hemispheres [ 16 , 17 ], and given its fundamental role in cerebrospinal fluid drainage and waste removal [ 18 ]. The study of brain drainage is fundamental due to its implications in the neurological field, as venous abnormalities, cerebral blood flow, and cerebrospinal fluid flow alterations have been described in neurodegenerative [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] and neuroinflammatory diseases [ 22 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac and Respiratory Influences on Intracranial and Neck Venous Flow, Estimated Using Real-Time Phase-Contrast MRI

et al. 2022

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The study of brain venous drainage has gained attention due to its hypothesized link with various neurological conditions. Intracranial and neck venous flow rate may be estimated using cardiac-gated cine phase-contrast (PC)-MRI. Although previous studies showed that breathing influences the neck’s venous flow, this aspect could not be studied using the conventional segmented PC-MRI since it reconstructs a single cardiac cycle. The advent of real-time PC-MRI has overcome these limitations. Using this technique, we measured the internal jugular veins and superior sagittal sinus flow rates in a group of 16 healthy subjects (12 females, median age of 23 years). Comparing forced-breathing and free-breathing, the average flow rate decreased and the respiratory modulation increased. The flow rate decrement may be due to a vasoreactive response to deep breathing. The respiratory modulation increment is due to the thoracic pump’s greater effect during forced breathing compared to free breathing. These results showed that the breathing mode influences the average blood flow and its pulsations. Since effective drainage is fundamental for brain health, rehabilitative studies might use the current setup to investigate if respiratory exercises positively affect clinical variables and venous drainage.

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“…These were first described by Antonio Paccioli (5). The anatomy and microanatomy of the superior sagittal sinus veins has been investigated (6)(7)(8)(9). The author's past work described the CSF canalicular system in the neck (10)(11)(12)(13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These were first described by Antonio Paccioli (5). The anatomy and microanatomy of the superior sagittal sinus veins has been investigated (6-9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a novel path for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage of the human brain

Pessa¹

2023

Preprint

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A novel extravenous pathway is described that drains cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space to the thoracic duct. Cadaver dissection identifies the cerebrospinal fluid canalicular system as a series of channels that travel within the dural superior sagittal sinus. The anatomic pathway is described in detail. The possible relationship to spaceflight associated neuro ocular syndrome is discussed.

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Superior Sagittal Sinus: A Review of the History, Surgical Considerations, and Pathology

Cited by 10 publications

References 35 publications

Mechanical and structural characterisation of the dural venous sinuses

Mechanical and structural characterisation of the dural venous sinuses

Cardiac and Respiratory Influences on Intracranial and Neck Venous Flow, Estimated Using Real-Time Phase-Contrast MRI

Identification of a novel path for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage of the human brain

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