“…Biomass resources, including the three categories of animals, plants and microbes resources, are ubiquitous in our planet [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Biomass-based materials, such as collagen-based materials [ 21 , 22 ], starch-based materials [ 23 , 24 ], chitosan-based materials [ 25 , 26 ], chitin-based materials [ 27 , 28 ], cellulose-based materials [ 29 , 30 ] and so on, derived from these biomass resources have been developed rapidly and display wide applications in various fields, such as textiles and agriculture, pharmaceutical/biomedicine, food packaging, energy and water treatment. As the most widely distributed and abundant polysaccharide in nature, cellulose has attracted more and more attention recently and the commercialization of viscose fibers, cellophane (regenerated cellulose film) and celluloids (cellulose nitrate) have been recognized as significant alternatives to non-degradable plastics [ 7 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”